AP EH The European State in the Renaissance

Middle Ages

The Unification of Spain ● During the ________, several independent Christian kingdoms had emerged in the course of the long reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims.

Ottoman Turks

The ________ and the End of the Byzantine Empire ● Eastern Europe was increasingly threatened by the steadily advancing ________.

● Henry VII

________ was particularly successful in extracting income from the traditional financial resources of the English monarch, such as the crown lands, judicial fees and fines, and customs duties.

○ Aragon

________ and Castile were the strongest Spanish kingdoms; in the west was the independent monarchy of Portugal; in the north, the small kingdom of Navarre, oriented toward France; and in the south, the Muslim kingdom of Granada.

Spain

○ Spain possessed two large religious minorities, the Jews and Muslims, both of which had generally been tolerated in medieval ________.

Holy Roman Empire

The ________: The Success of the Habsburgs ● Unlike France, England, and Spain, the ________ failed to develop a strong monarchical authority.

○ Henry

________ also controlled the irresponsible activity of the nobles by establishing the Court of Star Chamber, which did not use juries and allowed torture to be used to extract confessions.

England

Civil War and a New Monarchy ● The Hundred Years War had also strongly affected the other protagonist in that conflict

○ Of course, it served a political purpose as well

to create unity and further bolster royal power

The Holy Roman Empire

The Success of the Habsburgs ● Unlike France, England, and Spain, the Holy Roman Empire failed to develop a strong monarchical authority

● Much was expected of the flamboyant Maximilian I (1493

1519) when he became emperor

○ King Matthias Corvinus (1458

1490) broke the power of the wealthy lords and created a well-organized bureaucracy

new monarchies

attempts were made to reestablish the centralized power of monarchical governments

The Hundred Years’ War

left France prostrate

taille

permanent tax imposed by royal authority

Wars of the Roses

period of civil wars that broke out in the 1450s which pitted the ducal house of Lancaster against the ducal house of York