AP Biology - Unit 1

Hydroxyl

Base, Polar, Negatively Charged - ethanol, water

Carbonyl

Base, Polar, Negatively Charged - aldehydes and ketones

Carboxyl

Acid, Polar, Negatively Charged - aklyl, amino acids

Amines

Base, Polar, Positively Charged - Amino Acids

Sulfhydryl

Acid, Polar, Negatively Charged - Cysteine

Phosphate

Acid, Polar, Negatively Charged - DNA, Phospholipids

Ways to form a monomer

Dehydration: Taking away water

Hydrolysis: Using water to break apart chemical structures into separate monomers

glycosidic bond

bond that forms 2 sugars together

Exergonic Reaction

Releases energy from the system

Endergonic Reaction

Put energy into the system

Catabolic Reaction

breaks down bigger molecules - exergonic

Anabolic Reaction

absorbs and builds bigger molecules - endergonic reaction

Competitive Inhibition

competes with substrate to bond to the active site

Non-Competetive Inhibition

binds to the enzyme anywhere and changes the active site so that the substrate can also bond to the enzyme

Negative Feedback Loop

once an enzyme produces too much product, the product itself becomes an inhibitor and binds to the active site, causing no more product (ending the loop)

Positive Feedback Loop

the product itself increases or amplifies the reaction to produce more product

1. Carbs

2. Glucose

3. Monomer

4. Glycosidic Bonds

5. Energy Source

6. Benedicts Solution

7. Orange

Lipid

Phospholipid

Polymer

Ester bond

cell membrane

Brown paper bag

Transluscent

Carbs

Starch

Polymer

Bond - 1-4 alpha Glycosidic Bond

Function - energy source

Chemical test - iodine test

Positive for that test - black

Lipid

Sterol

Monomer

Bond - ester bond

Function - energy storage

Chemical test - ?????

Positive for that test - ???

Carbs

Sucrose

Polymer

Bond - 1-4 alpha Glycosidic Bond

Function - energy source

Chemical test - Benedicts solution

Positive for that test - orange

Lipid

Triglyceride

?????

Bond - ester bond

Function - energy storage

Chemical Test - ????

Positive for that test - ?????

Nucleic Acid

RNA

Polymer

Bond - ?????

Function - genetic coding

Chemical test - alcohol test

Positive for that test - white blob

RNA = OH, single strand , DNA = H, double strand

RNA...

Alpha

Unstaggered

Can Digest

Beta

Staggered

Cannot Digest

Amylose

Linear glucose polymer (1-4 bond) - unstaggered!

Amylopectin

Branched Glucose Polymer (1-6 bond)

Cellulose

***staggered

Glycogen

Chitin

Triglyceride

Ester Bond

The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules in condensation reactions.

Phospholipid

Sterol

Proteins -

peptide bonds

peptide and hydrogen bonds

peptide, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds (thiols)

Multiple tertiary structures

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quatemary

Glucose

Fructose

Fructose

Peptide Bond

Bond between 2 Amino Acids

Methyl Group

Neutral, non polar - methanol - Gene expression - tightens up chromosomes - phosphates turn it on

Polypeptide

String of amino acids

Ketones

in the carbonyl group, where the c = o bond is in the middle of the structure - example: acetone

Aldehyde

in the carbonyl group, where the c = o is at the end of the structure

All lipids are....

Polymers

Branched

1-6 glycosidic bond

Linear

1-4 glycosidic bond