BIOL 2510 Auburn Exam 4 Dr. Wada

trace a drop of semen throughout male and female reproductive system

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube (fertilized), endometrium (implanted)

gametogenesis in males

spermatogenesis

gametogenesis in females

oogenesis

primary sex organ in males

testes

primary sex organ in females

ovaries

how does the reproductive system differ from other systems in the body?

-only system that isn't essential for life
-only system that lies dormant until puberty
-only system that has different organs/structures for males and females

major function of the reproductive system?

produce offspring

Accessory organs in male reproductive system

seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

semen is a combination of

sperm, seminal fluid (60%), prostate fluid (30%), and mucus

where sperm matures and is stored; recycles any damaged spermatozoa

epididymis

contracts to move sperm forward

vas deferens

accessory organ that secretes seminal fluid (60% of semen), fructose (for energy), and prostaglandin to cause contraction

seminal vesicle

accessory organ that secretes prostate fluid (30% of semen) and enzymes to support sperm

prostate gland

accessory organ that secretes thick alkaline mucus to neutralize acidity in urethra and vagina

bulbourethral gland

where ova is fertilized

fallopian tube

how does the fallopian tube move the ovum towards the uterus?

beating of cilia and peristalsis

connects the ovary and fallopian tubes with finger-like projections called fimbriae

infundibulum

smooth muscle that expels baby during birth

myometrium

where embryo implants and sheds if no implantation occurs (menstruation)

endometrium

has rugae to allow for expansion (much like the stomach)

vagina

trace where sperm was made to where it is stored

seminiferous tubule, rete testis, efferent ductule, head of epididymis, body of epididymis, tail of epididymis, and vas deferens

produce testosterone, maintain libido (males and females), stimulate bone and muscle growth, stimulate development of male secondary sex characteristics

leydig cells

maintain blood-testes barrier, support spermatogenesis, secrete inhibin and androgen-binding protein

sertoli cells

testosterone negative feedback loop

decreases GnRH and LH secretion which in turn decreased testosterone secretion

inhibin negative feedback loop

decreases FSH secretion

spermatogenesis

spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, and spermatozoa

sperm stem cell (XY)

spermatogonium

result after mitotic division (diploid to diploid- XY)

primary spermatocyte

result after first meiotic division (X or Y)

secondary spermatocyte

after second meiotic division, completion of meiosis (4 haploid cells)

spermatid

immature sperm

spermatozoa

what do anabolic steroids cause?

a decrease in endogenous sperm because the large dose of testosterone causes the negative feedback loop to reduce GnRH and LH which causes a reduction in spermatogenesis; causes testes to shrink and make the man temporary infertile

testosterone from leydig cells bind to ABP from sertoli cells and keep the testosterone concentration high as required for spermatogenesis

androgen binding protein (ABP)

oogenesis

oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum

follicle cell production

primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, graafian follicle, coreus luteum

female germ cell

oocyte

stem cell (XX diploid)

oogonium

result after mitotic division (diploid to diploid)

primary oocyte

result after first meiotic division

secondary oocyte

result after second meiotic division; only occurs if fertilization occurs

ovum

degenerated follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone and estrogen; vascularizes endometrium lining and maintains endometrium lining during first trimester

corpus luteum

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

ovarian cycle

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

uterine cycle

which phases have variable duration in ovarian cycle and uterine cycle?

follicular phase in ovarian cycle and menstruation phase and proliferative phase in uterine cycle

provides nutrients for oocyte, converts androgen to estrogen, secretes inhibin

granulosa cell

secretes estrogen, stimulates bone growth and development, induce/maintain female secondary sex characteristics

theca cells

GnRH causes secretion of FSH and LH which causes estrogen production; during first 10 days (primary to secondary follicle)

mid to follicular phase of ovarian cycle

estrogen level keeps rising and after ~10 days, estrogen begins positive feedback, increasing GnRH, LH, and FSH levels; LH surge causes ovulation; inhibin still suppresses FSH (secondary follicle to graafarian follicle)

around ovulation during ovarian cycle

ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum and secretes estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin; this suppresses GnRH, LH, and FSH

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

corpus luteum dies after ~12 days and causes sudden drop in estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin; causes endometrial lining to shed (menstruation); no more negative feedback which causes GnRH, LH, and FSH to rise

end of luteal phase of ovarian cycle

zygote develops into morula and then into blastocyst where it now has an inner cell mass

fertilization and implantation

inner cell mass (embryo) and trophoblast (fetal part of placenta)

blastocyst

cellular trophoblast and syncytial trophoblast

trophoblast

secretes proteolytic enzymes for implantation; secretes human chrionic gonadotropin (hCG) which maintains corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone

syncytial trophoblast

implantation of fertilized egg in the fallopian tube

ectopic pregnancy

the ovum/zygote is within zone pellucida

the ovum/zygote is within zona pellucida

from anterior pituitary and helps with development of mammary glands and milk production

prolactin

from posterior pituitary and helps with milk let-down, smooth muscle contraction during child birth, and pair bonding/mother-child bonding

oxytocin

future female duct; develops into fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 3rd of vagina

mullerian duct

future male duct; develops into epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle

wolffian duct

sex-determining gene of Y chromosome

SRY gene

what do you need for the development of testes?

SRY gene and testes-determining factor

causes development of male external genitalia

DHT

when testes don't descend normally causing infertility and testicular cancer

cryptorchidism

male equivalent of glans clitoris

glans penis

male equivalent of labia majora

scrotum

male equivalent of bartholin gland

bulbourethral gland

chromosomal sex

XX or XY

gonadal sex

testes or ovaries

hormonal sex

androgen or estrogen

morphological sex

internal and external reproductive structures/organs

functions of immune system

remove dead, dying body cells, destroy abnormal cells such as cancer cells, and protect body against pathogens and foreign substances

masses of lymphatic tissue that remove pathogens from food and inhaled air

tonsils

where lymphocyte encounter antigens and activate attack

lymph nodes

Where do T cells mature?

thymus

Where do B cells mature?

bone marrow

removes abnormal RBCs and platelets, pathogens, and bacteria by macrophages; stores these breakdown products for when needed

spleen

what connects the immune organs?

lymphatic vessels

What are the two types of immunity?

adaptive and innate

first line of defense, fast, and non-specific

innate

second line of defense, slow, and pathogen-specific

adaptive

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

humoral and cell-mediated

innate immunity cells

phagocyte, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, fever, and complement proteins

adaptive immunity cells

antigen-presenting cells, T cells, B cells

physical barriers

skin, mucous membranes, hair within nose, cilia in upper respiratory tract

chemical barriers

lysozymes (tears, sweat, saliva), gastric juice, acidity of skin and vagina, defensins (saliva)

two types of phagocytes

macrophages and neutrophils

steps of phagocytosis

adherence, pseudopods develop, phagosome fuses w lysosome, lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen, exocytosis

bring defense cells to area, destroy invader, and begin repair

inflammatory response

what do antimicrobial proteins produce?

clotting factor

How do complement proteins work?

coat pathogen so macrophages can detect and destroy, form membrane attack complex, and then inflammation

engulf and present antigen on MHCII

macrophages and dendritic cells

4 characteristics of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain

major players of adaptive immunity

MHC, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages

most cells have this molecule; cytotoxic T-cells

MHC I

antigen-presenting cells have these

MHC II

what do helper T cells activate?

B cells to plasma cells, T cells to cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells and macrophages

what cells destroy pathogen directly?

cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, phagocytes, and compliment proteins

How do cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells work?

bind to MHC (MHC I in cytotoxic T cells and MHC II in NKC) perforin makes hole in the cells membrane, granzymes enter and destroy infected cell

When these cells divide, the DNA shuffles so that each daughter cell has slightly different antibodies

B and T cell development