Child Development Flashcards - Key Concepts and Definitions

Why might a parent instruct a child to take a time-out if the child is screaming hysterically?

To punish the child, to let the child know that the parent is in charge, and to allow the child to calm down.

What is an example of a developmental milestone?

Developmental milestone are behaviors or physical skills seen in infants and children as they grow and develop. The milestones are different for each age range. EXAMPLE: Rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking are all considered milestones.

Why a baby should be placed faced up when put down to sleep?

Putting a baby to sleep on his back decreases his chances of (SIDS) sudden infant death syndrome and suffocation.

How are gross motor skills different from fine motor skills

Gross Motor Skills: consist of using the BIGGER MUSCLES (walking, crawling, running, peddling on a tricycle and to sit with no aid)

Fine Motor Skills: consist of using the SMALLER MUSCLES (grabbing, using a fork or spoon, stacking toy blocks and scribbling)

What is a technique babies may use to self-comfort?

Thumb sucking, moving their head back and fourth, playing or sucking with feet, sucking on pacifier

Why should you give a limited number of directions when telling a child to do something?

Toddlers and preschoolers have a very short attention span. If you tell your child to do more than one thing, they might not be able to remember all of the instructions, by giving one direction at a time, and making sure that the directions are clear. The child is more likely to remember and follow the direction. And you can praise that child more often.

Who was the first theorist to scientifically study how children learn?

Jean Piaget

What can be an environmental cause of birth defects?

Pollution, drugs, chemicals, alcohol, radiation: teratogen and genetics

What have researchers find out about childhood?

It has a profound influence on the rest of a person's life.

What did Lev Vygotsky state about children's learning?

Social contact is essential to intellectual development.

Which is not a developmental task that teens must work on?

Stablishing roots

Which statement about an observation is subjective?

An opinion or judgment based of feelings and thoughts. Example: Jaime kicked Sonya because he was angry.

How does stimulation affect babies?

It helps the nervous system to develop

Emilio has brown hair. How can you explain this?

Heredity

You have observed that Chuck and Robert played happily together for a half hour. In your notes, you state that Chuck and Robert appear to be friends. How would you describe this statement?

Chuck and Robert like playing together with each other and enjoy each other's company

Which parenting style is most likely to allow a child to suffer the consequences of his actions if he breaks the rules.

Authoritative Parenting Style

What is a type of negative reinforcement?

The reinforcement of a bad behavior. An example of this is when a child wants attention, but the only way to get that attention is through doing bad behavior as that is the only time a parent shows attention. Or when throwing a temper tantrum the parent decides to give the child a tablet.

Mary would never bother to ask her father if she could stay out past her curfew because she known the answer would be "NO" what parenting style is the father using?

Authoritarian

Joe has no curfew. He simply stays out until he gets tired or all his friends have gone home. What parenting style are Joe's parents using?

Permissive

What is a reason that toddlers develop negativism?

The child can develop negativism through frustration especially when they can't accomplish something that they desire for, mostly stems from a toddler wanting to gain independence and become negative to anyone that tries to take that away from him/her.

If a toddler is having a temper tantrum at a store because you will not purchase a toy, what is the best way to handle it?

The best way to handle this situation is to pull the child aside to a quiet space, and do a action that changes the child from the amentia part of the brain to the amygdala to the prefrontal cortex.

When a child learn to ride a tricycle by watching his older sister, what learning method is he using?

Imitation

A child is unable to focus on a specific task and blocks out other sensory information. What intellectual activity area is he lacking?

Attention

What is perception?

The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation. The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through senses.

How does reading to a child aid reading readiness?

Vocabulary and phonics predicted literacy. It also can encourage independence, curiosity, and self-reliance.

What is incidental learning?

This refers to any learning that is unplanned or unintended, usually it develops while engaging in a task or activity. It may also arise as a by-product of planned learning.

What can lead to failure to thrive?

In a child the biggest things that effect a child is sometimes caused by medical problems, but the major factors is a child's environment such as abuse or neglect.

Juana always needs her orange blanket before she goes to sleep. What is she doing?

Self-comforting

George is not bothered when mom decides to put him to bed an hour early. What trait is George exhibiting?

Adapting

Ben is constantly crawling around the living room, checking things out. How could Ben best be described?

High Energy

What are the signs that a teen is depressed?

Sadness, unhappiness, feeling emotionally upset, the end of a relationship, the death of a loved one, failure at an important task, being unpopular, feeling irritable most of the time, expecting rejection.

What is the definition if the term development?

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.

What is the purpose of setting limits for a child?

Setting limits teaches self-discipline and self-control skills.

How can you use positive body language?

Smiles, body posture, being relaxed during a conversation, eye contact, being engaged, interested approachable and being open.

When a child learns to open a cupboard door by repeatedly pulling on all sides of the door until it eventually opens, what learning method is being used.

Trial and Error

Whenever possible, Martin tries to avoid people she does not know. How would you best describe Marta?

Low approach

Collen has learned to be gentle with the family's dog because she sees her mother treating the dog with kindness. What learning method is this?

Iimitation

Sakti knows that his son does not like loud noise, so he fixed the doors so that they will not slam shut, but close quietly. Why has Sakti done this?

Sakti does this to adjust the environment to the baby's temperature.

How could you best explain why babies first learn to smile?

Adults help reinforce that by smiling back and baby's will copy and mimic, the adults make this a positive experience.

If you smile while telling a toddler was being bad for pulling a lamp off a table, what are you doing?

By doing this you are confusing the child. This is because you are sending an unclear message to the child.

What is true concerning temperament traits?

Adults should accept the temperament traits of babies and adjust to them.

What are 4 abilities baby develop during the first year that shows their growing intellect?

1) Remember Experiences: 2-3 months stop crying when someone enters the room baby anticipate on being.

2) Making Associations: when a baby stops crying it associates parents or caregiver with giving comfort.

3) Understanding Cause and Effect: Babies learn that when they suck on a nipple there's milk flow, they stop there is no milk.

4) Paying Attention: As babies grow their attention: As babies grow their attention span grows however babies also start to grow boredom.

If you want to teach an infant about cause and effect, what toy do you think would be most appropriate?

A Rattle

What term is used to describe toys and activities that are suitable for a child at a specific age?

Developmentally appropriate

What does the term autonomy mean?

Becoming self-sufficient in many activities, having independence and a sense of control over one's life.

While visiting a relative, fifteen-month-old Bobbie wants to play with some breakable decorations. What is the best way to deal with this situation?

Remove the items from the child's reach and distract her with toys or another activity.

In Piaget's four periods of learning which period comes last?

Formal operational period (12 years up)

Perception is the most closely related to which of piglet's period of learning?

Sensorimotor Stage

Which area of intellectual activity is not required to play a game of checkers?

Curiosity

What area of intellectual activity is present in infants?

Perception is the only intellectual activity present in infants.

To what does the term articulation refer?

The formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech, the ability to use clear distant speech.

Mika started kindergarten two weeks ago. Previously he had gone to a child care center each day and had not had a toileting accident for many months. However, he has wet himself three times since kindergarten began. What is most likely the cause?

Stressed caused by a new situation

Give an example of group identification in a first grader?

Wanting to wear the same kind of shoes. This is because of a individuals' collective awareness of the social distinction of their group.

How would you describe the typical four-year-old?

defiant, boastful, affectionate

What condition is often characterized by an inability to pay attention

ADHD- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

How should an adult respond, to a five-year-old's fears?

Comfort child, reassurance, there to protect the child.

Who is more likely to abuse a child?

parents, step parents and other caregivers.

A parent is constantly telling a child that she is unable to do anything correctly. What kind of maltreatment is the parent guilty of?

Psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse

List who is required to be a mandated reporter?

Professionals who have regular contact with children or are otherwise in a position to observe indicators of abuse. (Example) Teachers, Police, Social-Workers, or Therapist.

In what type of school environment are students most likely to be relaxed and able to learn?

A positive environment

When is a teen mostly likely to avoid negative behaviors?

Families as well as connectedness with other adults and school connectedness with parents.

What should teens do if they think a friend is depressed?

Help your friend, trust in an adult who can help your friend to get mental health professionally.

According to Erik Erikson, when do children begin striving to develop a sense of competence?

During their industry-versus-inferiority stage 6-12 years of age. The early school years.

What can parents do to help preteens resist peer pressure1/

Establish good communication, stay involved in your child's daily life, maintain reasonable rules, help your child stablish healthy friendships, encourage healthy activities and hobbies, talk to your child about smoking, alcohol and drugs, teach your child to trust their instincts, help your child say no and mean it, establish code phrases, count on the support of good friends.

According to Erik Erikson, what can happen to children who are not allowed to learn new skills and make decisions?

They will tend to lack self-confidence

Why do preschoolers become increasingly self-confident?

They learn new skills, they learn to deal with unfamiliar situations and they learn to make some decision on their own.

Your child has just finished setting the dinner table. What would be the best way for you to respond?

"I appreciate it when you get the table ready for dinner." or "I like when you help me, thank you so much?"

What is a good way to encourage a child to develop self-confidence?

Let the child make her own decisions, when appropriate.

How might you describe a child with an egocentric viewpoint?

He sees the world in terms of his own thoughts and feelings.

What characteristics does a child have if the child does not give up easily when working on a difficult task?

Initiative

Still learning (31)

You've started learning these terms. Keep it up!