Chemical Reaction Classification [Part-II]

Calcification

The process by which organisms build hard structures by depositing calcium carbonate or other calcium minerals

Coral skeleton

A rigid external structure made primarily of calcium carbonate that is secreted by coral polyps (marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria).

Seashell

A hard protective outer covering produced by certain marine organisms, most commonly mollusks, and composed primarily of calcium carbonate

Phylum

Term that comes below class and above kingdom

Mollusks

• A diverse phylum of invertebrate animals characterized by a soft body, a muscular foot, and a mantle that often secretes a shell made of calcium carbonate

• Examples: Snails, Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Scallops, Octopuses, and Squids

Calcification Equation

Ca²⁺(aq) + 2HCO₃⁻​(aq) → CaCO₃​(s) + CO₂​(aq) + H₂O(l)

Calcium oxalate

• CaC₂O₄

• The most common type of kidney stone is primarily comprised of this compound

Precipitation Reaction

A chemical reaction in which dissolved ions in solution combine to form an insoluble solid (precipitate).

Crystallization

The process where the precipitate forms and those solid particles become organized into crystals and grow larger over time.

Precipitation Reaction Equation

Ca²⁺(aq) + C₂O₄²⁻​(aq) → CaC₂O₄(s)

Aggregation

Process where the crystals stick together

Precipitation + Crystallization + Aggregation

Kideny Stone Formation = ?

Gravimetric Method

• A laboratory method used to determine the amount of a substance by forming, collecting, drying, and weighing a solid precipitate. The mass of the precipitate is then used to calculate how much of the substance was originally present

• Example: Determining the amount of chloride ions in a solution by precipitating them as silver chloride and weighting the solid.

Golden Rain Experiment

• 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) → PbI₂ + 2KNO₃

• When a hot solution of lead(II) iodide (PbI₂) cools, shiny yellow crystals form and settle through the liquid, creating the appearance of falling golden raindrops

Potassium nitrate

• KNO₃

• A soluble salt

• Most commonly used as a fertilizer

Perovskite Solar Cell

• A solar cell that uses a perovskite-structured material as the light-absorbing layer to convert sunlight into electrical energy.

• Achieve high efficiencies while being cheaper and easier to manufacture than traditional silicon solar cells.

Lead(II)Iodide

• PbI₂

• Most commonly used materials in the synthesis of a perovskite structures

Methylammonium lead iodide

• CH₃NH₃PbI₃

• Most common perovskite solar cell material

• A = CH₃NH₃⁺

• B = Pb²⁺

• X = I⁻

Calcium titanate

• CaTiO₃

• The very first discovered perovskite structure

Perovskite

• When atoms arrange in the following way to form a crystal: ABX₃

• A = Large positive ion

• B = Smaller positive ion

• X = Negative ion

Silver chloride

• AgCl

• Compound that forms the part of Ag/AgCl electrode

• Which converts ionic currents from brain activity into electronic currents that an EEG machine can detect and record

Weak acids

The substances partly responsible for:

• The tangy taste of citrus fruits

• The stinging sensation of insect bites

• The unpleasant smells associated with body odor.

Neutralization of stomach acid by magnesium hydroxide

• Mg(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + 2H₂O

Burning sensation associated with heartburn

• A result of the acid of the stomach leaking through the muscular valve at the top of the stomach into the lower reaches of the esophagus.

• The lining of the esophagus is not protected from the corrosive effects of stomach acid the way the lining of the stomach is, and the results can be very painful.

• Doctors recommend Calcium Carbonate to be taken

• CaCO₃(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⇌ CaCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

Urea cycle

A metabolic pathway that helps remove excess nitrogen from the body.

Ornithine

• C₅H₁₂N₂O₂

• A non-protein amino acid

• Combines with carbamoyl phosphate to help convert toxic ammonia into urea, which can then be excreted by the kidneys

Putrescine

• C₄H₁₂N₂

• Formed when bacteria break down the ornithine during the decomposition of dead organisms and other organic matter.

• Compounds responsible for the characteristic odor of decaying animal tissue