Gr 10 History

William Lyon Mackenzie King

Liberal Prime Minister before & after Bennett; believed the Depression would fix itself; introduced unemployment insurance and family allowances later.

R.B. Bennett

Conservative PM (1930-1935); tried to fight the Depression with tariffs, later proposed 'Bennett's New Deal' (welfare + jobs).

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

U.S. President; created the New Deal to end the Depression with government spending and jobs programs—inspired Bennett's New Deal.

Maurice Duplessis

Leader of Union Nationale (Quebec); defended French language, Catholic faith; passed Padlock Law to ban communist groups.

William 'Bible Bill' Aberhart

Leader of the Social Credit Party (Alberta); wanted to give every citizen 'social credit' ($25/month) to boost spending.

James S. Woodsworth

Leader of the CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation); wanted public ownership, better welfare, health care, and workers' rights; rejected violence.

Business Cycle

Natural pattern of economic growth and decline (boom → recession → depression → recovery).

Boom

Period of growth, high employment, lots of spending.

Bust

Period when the economy crashes after a boom.

Recession

Short economic slowdown; mild compared to a depression.

Depression

Long, severe economic downturn (like the 1930s).

Primary Industries

Industries that take raw materials from nature (farming, fishing, mining).

Secondary Industries

Industries that make products from raw materials (manufacturing, factories).

6 Causes of the Great Depression

1. Overproduction 2. Buying on margin 3. Dependence on exports 4. High tariffs 5. Drought (Prairies) 6. Uneven wealth distribution.

Buying on Credit

Purchasing goods without paying upfront (led to debt).

Stock

A share in a company's ownership.

Buying on Margin

Borrowing money to buy stocks; risky and caused major losses after crash.

Vagrancy

Being homeless/unemployed; illegal in 1930s (men jailed for it).

Communism

System where all property is shared; no private ownership; feared in Canada at the time.

Relief Camps

Government-run work camps for unemployed men; poor pay, bad conditions → led to protests.

Regina Riot

1935 protest turned violent when police clashed with Trekkers; one killed, many injured.

CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation)

Left-wing party; fought for public ownership, welfare, health care; became the NDP.

Social Credit Party

Believed in giving citizens extra money ('social credit') to restart the economy.

Union Nationale

Quebec party defending French culture and Catholicism; anti-Communist.

Padlock Law

Law letting Quebec padlock buildings used by 'subversive' (communist) groups.

'The Dole'

Government relief payments to unemployed people.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929 — the stock market crash that started the Depression.

Overproduction

Making more goods than people can buy → prices drop, layoffs happen.

High Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods; stopped international trade.

Drought

Dry weather on Prairies; caused the Dust Bowl and crop failures.

Riding the Rails

Unemployed men illegally hopping on trains to look for work across Canada.

On-to-Ottawa Trek

1935 protest by relief camp workers traveling to Ottawa to demand better pay and conditions; stopped in Regina (Regina Riot).

Wilfrid Laurier

Prime Minister before WW1 (1896-1911)
Encouraged immigration to Western Canada
Believed in compromise between English and French Canada

Helped Canada grow economically

Robert Borden

Prime Minister during WW1

Introduced conscription

Signed Treaty of Versailles for Canada

Helped Canada gain more independence from Britain

Sam Hughes

Minister of Militia during WW1

Organized the Canadian army

Poor management caused problems early in the war

Billy Bishop

Famous WW1 flying ace

Shot down 72 enemy planes

Symbol of Canadian bravery

Nellie McClung

Member of the Famous Five

Fought for women’s right to vote

Helped with the Persons Case

Agnes Macphail

First woman elected to Parliament

Advocated for prison reform and peace

Strong supporter of women’s rights

Emily Murphy

Firts female magistrate in the British Empire

Member of the Famous Five

Key figure in the Persons Case

Joseph Bardbardier

Invented the snowmobile

Imrpoved transportation in rural Canada

Founded Bombardier company

Ellen Fairclough

First female federal cabinet minister

Helped modernize immigration policy

Promoted equality in government

Elijah Harper

Indigenous MLA

Blocked Meech Lake Accord

Stood up for Indigenous rights

Franz Ferdinand

assassinated in 1914

his death triggered WW1

Winston Churchill

British PMM during WW2

Inspired resistance against Nazis

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S President during most of WW2

Helped deafeat Axis powers

Suppoerted postwar peace efforts

Harry Truman

U.S president at end of WW2

Approved atomic bombs on Japan

Helped start the Cold War

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany

Strated WW2

Responsible for the Holocaust

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the USSr

Ally in WW2, enemy in Cold War

Communist disctatporship

Igor Gouzenko

Defected to Canada in 1945

Revealed Soviet spy network

Started the Cold War in Canada

John F. Kennedy

U.S President during Cuban Missile Crisis

Avoided nuclear war

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader during Cuban Missile Crisis

Backed down after negotiations

Pieere Trudeau

Prime Minister during October Crisis

Introdcued Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Strong fedarlist

Pieere Laporte

Kidnapped and killed by FLQ

Event shocked Canada

Rene Levesque

Leader of Quebec soverignty movement

Held 1980 referendum

Brian Mulroney

PM in 1980s-90s

Tried constitutional reform

Negotiated NAFTA

Jacques Parizeau

Led 1995 Quebec referendum

Supported Quebec independence

Lucien Bouchard

Leader of Bloc Quebecois

Promoted sovereighty

Lester B Pearson

Nobel Peace Prize winner

Created peacekeeping

Helped from the UN

Communism

A political/economic system where the government controls property and resources to create a classless society (used in the USSR).

states control o

Fascism

ultra nationalist dictatorship, anti- democratic, often militaristic

Nazi

German fascism, raciel ideology, antisemitism under Hitler

Total War

whole society is mobilized for war

Blitzkrieg

“lightning war”

fast attacks using coordinated

Phony War

Convoy

merchant ships rpotected by the navy escorts

Dunkirk

evacuation of allied troops from France

morale ”miracle”, but retreat

Numberg laws

laws stripping jews of civil rights and citizenship

Kristallnacht

organize violent attacks on Jewish homes/business/synanogues

Night of the broken glass

Ghetto

forced Jewish urban districts under Nazi control

Concentration camps

imprisonment/forced labour

brutal conditions

not all were extermination camps

Final Solution

Nazi plan to murde

Sobi

Holocaust

1: isolate/exclude

2: concentration/segregation

3. extermination

Appeasement

giving into aggressions to avoid war

Rome - Berlin Axis

Germany - Italy partnership

Pact of Steel

Formal Germany - Italy military service pact

Non - Aggression Pact / Nazi Soviet Pact

Germany and USSR agree not to fight

hitler trying to avoid a two-front war

Operation Barbossa

Germany invades USSR

Inetment Camp

forced detention of groups deemed “enemy alieans”

Japanese canadians in canada

Camp X

Canadian spy/agent training site (ontario)

Rationing

limited goods at home to support the war effort

Numberg Trials

trials of Nazi leaders for war/crimes against humanity

Pearl Habour

Japanese attack that pushed U.S fully into war

Enola Gay

Plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

Atomic Bomb/Hiroshima/Nagaski

August 1945 bombing tried to get Japan to Surrender

September 1, 1939

Germany invades Poland

WW2 begins in Erurope

D-Day

June 6th 1944

Normandy landings

Juna & Omaha beaches

VE Day

May 7 1945

Germany surrenders in Europe

VJ Day

September 2nd 1945

Japan Surrenders

War ends

Atomic Bombs

August 7 and 9th, 1945

Battle of Hong Kong

The Battle of Hong Kong was a short but brutal battle

fought between Japan and British Commonwealth forces

December 1941

Battle of Britain

1940

Germany tries to destroy RAF

First Major German Failure

Dieppe raid

1942

massive failure for canada

learned lessons for d-day

Ortana

The Battle of Ortona was a brutal urban battle in Italy during World War II, often called “Little Stalingrad.”

December 20–28, 1943

Italy

Canadian victory, but at a very high cost

D-Day

June 6th, 1944

Normandy Invasion

Beaches Juno, Omaha

Heavy resistance

succesful landing

Stalingrad

German defeat

street to street fighting

germany never recovers

Mackenzie King

Prime Minister of Canada during most of WWII. He balanced support for Britain with keeping Canada united, especially by delaying full conscription.

C.D. Howe

Canada’s “Minister of Everything.” He led wartime industrial production, turning Canada into a major supplier of weapons, ships, and aircraft.