phonetics final review

In IPA, each symbol represents a single

sound

the scientific study of “universal” language is

linguistics

phonology states how ______ ______are used in language

speech sounds

phonology is the study of ____ of speech sounds and the ____ which govern them

systems, rules

the variations in air pressure create _____ waves

longitudinal

phone is an _____ sound of speech

individual

a phoneme is the smallest sound that does what?

that distinguishes meaning

a variant of a phoneme that doesn’t change the meaning of a word

allophone (phonological rules)

glottis is the space

BETWEEN vocal folds

the moving parts in vocal cord are called

the vocal folds

if someone has a stuffy nose, their voice is

denasalized (because nose is closed)

when a vowel has no appreciable change in quality during a syllable

monopthong

A vowel has a change in quality during a single syllable

diphthong

tense vowels with partial off glide are considered full diphthongs.

FALSE

tongue height =

high, mid, low

tongue advancement =

front, central, back

during nasal sounds, the velum goes _____ (up or down) to close the _____ tract

down, oral

vowels can be described by which 4 things

tongue height, tongue advancement, lip rounding, tense/lax

the tense vowels are

i, e, o, u

lax vowels are

ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʌ, ʊ, ə

we can more precisely describe vowels by which characters?

their acoustic characters (more than their articulatory features)

which vowel replaces another vowel when vowel reduction occurs?

ə (shwa)

a feature that is either on or off is called

binary features (ex. voiced/voiceless)

which features can not be explained by clear cut binary features?

graded features (like prosody)

when a consonant sound is produced for a longer duration and it changes the meaning of that word

geminate consonant

example of geminate in Japenese

saka (hill) vs sakka (author)

when we can group segments which are phonetically similar and the sounds occur within our environment

natural classes (ex. we group p,t,k together bc they are VL stops)

we call our speech _____ speech because we do not separate each word in our daily speech

connected

when we separate words/ have single words pronounced individually

citation form

when future sounds influence a present sound

anticipatory coarticulation (ex. skrewz, your lips round at sk before you even get to u)

when previous sounds still influence a present sound

preservative coarticulation (ex. boots)

when a sound changes into another sound because of neighboring sounds

assimilation (input → imput)

when a sound is influenced by neighboring sounds but it changes to like a new segment

disassimilation (ex. sixths → goes from fric-fric-fric TO fric-stop-fric)

syllables are often used to describe patterns of _____ and timing of speech

stress

stressed sounds use extra _____ energy during speech and are usually what 3 things?

respiratory. louder, longer, higher (in pitch)

stress must always be placed in words with more than one syllable (t/f)

TRUE

the stress symbol is placed (before or after) the syllable carrying the most stress?

before!

the one syllable that carries the most stress for a phrase

tonic syllable

sentence level intonation uses ____ variations to convey syntactic info

pitch

yes/no is

rising intonation

wh- questions is

falling intonation

intonational phrase is also known as a

tone group

english and german are ____ timed languages

stress

spanish and japenese are _____ times languages

syllable

ToBI stands for

“tones and break indices”

when we transcribe and annotate speech prosody we call this

ToBI system

broad transcription captures the ____ of a language, with simple symbols

phonemes

narrow transcription captures ____, using more phonetic detail with specific symbols

allophones

aspiration is when there is a period of _____ after the release of an articulation

voicelessness

the vocal folds are the ____ in the source-filter theory?

source

the vocal tract is the ____ in the source-filter theory?

filter

the vocal folds are the ____ in the source-filter theory?

source

fundamental frequency (F0) is perceived as

pitch

fundamental frequency (F0) is the ____ harmonic of the voice

FIRST

harmonics are the ______shown in integer multiples of the F0 in voiced sounds

energy

formants are a product of vocal tract _____

resonances

we can identify vowels by which formants

the first 3 formants: F1, F2, and F3

F1 relates to tongue

hieght

as our jaw goes DOWN, F1 goes

UP

F2 relates to tongue

advancement (front and back)

as the tongue moves forward, F2

increases

as we round our lips, all formants are (increased or decreased)?

decreased/lowered

F3 lowers with _____ vowels

r-coloring

Amplitude is also known as ____ and is percieved as

intensity, loudness

on a spectrogram, what are the x-axis and y-axis? what does the darkness on the graph represent?

x= time, y=frequency. the darkness represents intensity (like loudness)

frequency is the rate of _____ of a periodic event

vibration (ex. number of cycles of vibration per second (Hz).

frequency is measured as

cycles per second is

a cycle on a graph looks like

a loop that goes up then down/down then up counts as one cycle

amplitude is the magnitude of _______for a sound wave

displacement

phase is the relative _____ of two or more components of a complex periodic waveform.

timing

phase is measured in

degrees (if one is positive-going and the other is negative-going, they have a relative phase of 180 degrees)

wavelength is the ______ that a periodic signal travels in __ complete cycle of vibration

distance, 1

the two types of periodic waves are

simple and complex

simple waves look simple and the types are

sine or sinusoid

complex waves are made up of many overlapping _____ waves

simple

_________ features are properties that are ____ for a single consonant or vowel

Suprasegmental, not (ex. stress, length, tone, intonation)

the quality that sounds with the same length, stress, and pitch that differ in loudness is called

sonority

the extent that a sound stands out from others because of its sonority, length, stress, and pitch

prominence

strong form is when a word that is usually _____ is ______

unstressed is stressed (like “a” or “to”)

weak form is when a word that is usually stressed is ______, typically happens in conversational speech

unstressed (like “but”)

tone languages use ____ to convey part of meaning to a word

pitch

register tone has ____ levels and is used in ____ languages

set, African

contour tone may include ______ or tone _____, used in _____ languages

rise/fall, shapes, Chinese

In Mandarin (Chinese), /ma/ pronounced with a high-level tone means “mother” and with a high falling tone means “scold.” what type of tone is this?

contour tone

in breathy voice, the vocal folds are ____ open and allows for ____ rate of airflow through the glottis?

slightly, high

murmur is known as

breathy voice

in creaky voice the arytenoid cartilages hold the _______ (post or ant?) end of the ______ ______ together so that they can vibrate only at the other end

posterior, vocal folds (ex. in Hausa)

airstream mechanism is the manner in which what is set in motion for the purposes of speech?

airstream

egressive airstream mechanism

outward airflow

ingressive airstream mechanism

inward airflow

ejectives are a stop made with an _______ glottalic airstream, such as Hausa /k’

egressive

implosives are a stop made with an ______ glottalic airstream, such as Sindhi /ɓ/

ingressive

In english consonants that are more than 25 ms are

VOICELESS stops (vL=L=Longer)

voice onset time is

The interval between the release of a stop consonant and the beginning of vocal cord vibration (voicing).

what are the steps to produce a stop?

1. closure

2. build up intra-oral pressure

3. release (burst)

4. (VOT)

5. if voiceless in syllable-initial

position → aspiration

6. voicing

____ (voiced or voicless?) fricatives turn out longer when theres a vowel before them

voiced (ex. teethe vs teeth)

prevoicing

voicing before a supraglottal articulatory event (ex. for stops, prevoicing happens after release)

sibilants are speech sounds where there is ____-pitched, turbulent noise

high (like s/, /z/, /ʃ/ , and /ʒ/ )

accents have _____ and ______ distinctions varieties between a language

phonetic and phonological

dialects are any variety in language with diff ______ and _______

word selection and phonological characters