Articulation Muscles Pt 2 (tongue) - A&P

what is the superior longitudinal muscle

an intrinsic paired muscle to shorten the tongue and raise the tip up

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the superior longitudinal muscle

• origin: root of the tongue

• course: fans forward and outward

• insertion: tip of the tongue

• function: to shorten the tongue and raise the tip up to produce alverolar, dental, palato-alveolar consonants

• innervation: hypoglossal nerve

what is the inferior longitudinal muscle

intrinsic paired muscle that shortens the tongue and pulls the tip down.

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the inferior longitudinal muscle

• origin: root of the tongue and corpus hyoid

• course: forward

• insertion: tip of the tongue

• function: shorten tongue and pulls tip down

• innervation: hypoglossal nerve

what does this show

right: inferior longitudinal muscle left: transverse muscle

what is the transverse muscle

intrinsic paired muscle with horizontal fibers for swallowing

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the transverse muscle

• origin: median fibrous septum

• course: laterally

• insertion: submucous fibrous tissue at the lateral margins

• function: swallowing; to narrow the bulge of the tongue

• innervation: hypoglossal nerve

what is the vertical muscle

intrinsic paired muscle that flattens the tongue

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the verticle muscle

• origin: mucous membrane of the dorsum

• course: vertically downward

• insertion: inferior surface

• function: flattens tongue

• innervation: hypoglossal nerve

the verticle muscle is the ______ to the transverse muscle

antagonist

what does this show

vertical muscle

label all of the intrinsic lingual muscles

what is the styloglossus muscle

extrinsic small fan-shaped paired muscle that draws the tongue up and backwards

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the styloglossus muscle

• origin: styloid process (near the ear)

• course: forward and down

• insertion: tip/apex w the inferior longitudinal muscle

• function: draw tongue up + backwards; draw tongue tip to the side to produce velar sounds

• innervation: hypoglossal nerve

the styloglossus muscle _______ with the inferior longitudinal muscle

inter-delegates

what does this show

styloglossus muscle

what is the hyoglossus muscle

extrinsice thin quadrilateral paires muscle to draw tongue back and down

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the hyoglossus muscle

• origin: hyoid bone

• course: upward

• insertion: sides of tongue w intrinsic muscles

• function: draw tongue down and back for low and back vowel production

• innervation: hypoglossal nerve

the hyoglossus muscle is a _____ for genioglossus in lowering the tongue

synergist

what does this show

hypoglossus muscle

what is the genioglossus muscle

extrinsic flat paired muscle (biggest and strongest) bulk of the tongue

what is the origin, insertion, and function of the genioglossus muscle

• origin: surface of mandibular symphysis

• insertion: dorsum and hyoid bone

• function:

  • anterior fibers: retract the tongue

  • posterior fibers: protrude the tongue

  • both working together: depress the middle part of the tongue

    • all of these produce interdental sounds

what is the prime muscle for tongue depression

geniolgossus muscle

what muscle is used when swallowing and positioning the bolus and initiates swallowing reflex

genioglossus muscle

the genioglossus muscle _____ with vertical, transverse, and superior longitudinal muscles

inter-digitates

what does this show

genioglossus muscle

what is the palatoglossus muscle

extrinsic lingual and palatal paired muscle to raise back of tongue up and lower soft palate

what is the origin, course, insertion, function, and innervation of the palatoglossus muscle

• origin: anterior surface of soft palate

• course: down

• insertion: sides of the tongue w other lingual muscles

• function: raise back of tongue up and lower soft palate

• innervation: accessory and vagus nerves

palatoglossus muscle is the ______ with the styloglossus

synergist

what is a synergist muscle

an assisting muscle

what is an antagonist

a muscle working against one

the palate is lowered when both the ______ and the ______ are contracted

palatoglossus; hyoglossus

what does this show

palatoglossus muscle

what is the most dynamic articulator we have

the tongue

what is the function of the tongue

to articulate consonants (interdental fricatives, alveolar/palato-alveolar consonants, palatal, and velar consonants) and to articulate all vowels

what is macroglossia

unusually large tongue that is disproportionate to the mouth

what is microglossia

abnormally small tongue (decreased length and width)

what is bifid

rare condition where the tip of the tongue is split or cleft

what is pseudomacroglossia

displacement of the tongue due to another mechanism (ex: swollen adenoids, mandible)

what does macroglossia, microglossia, bifid, and pseudomacroglossia result in

imparied motor control

what are the intrinsic lingual muscles of the tongue

• superior longitudinal

• inferior longitudinal

• transverse

• vertical

what is the function of all intrinsic lingual muscles

fine movements involving slight position/ shape changes (origin/ insertion within the tongue)

what are the extrinsic lingual muscles of the tongue

• genioglossus

• styloglossus

• palatoglossus

• hyoglossus

what is the function of the external lingual muscles

gross movements of the whole tongue (origin outside the tongue)

what muscle is the tongue tip elevator

superior longitudinal

what muscle is the tongue tip depressor

inferior longitudinal

what muscle narrows and bulges the tongue tip

transverse muscle

what muscle flattens the tongue tip

vertical muscle

what muscles are the tongue elevator

styloglossus, palatoglossus

what muscles are the retractors of the tongue

genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus

what muscles are the tongue depressors

genioglossus, hyoglossus, vertical

what muscle is the protractor of the tongue

genioglossus

what are some velar sounds

/k/ /g/

what are some interdental fricatives

θ, ð

what are some alveolar consonants

/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/ /r/

what are some palato-alveolar consonants

/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/

what are some palatal consonants

/j/