Phys II- FINAL- TQs

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has a main function in motor/efferent planning and execution and also contributes to personality?

Frontal Lobe

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex functions in sensory/sensory association?

Parietal Lobe

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex functions mainly in vision/processing?

Occipital lobe

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex functions in processing sound, recognition of faces and language processing?

The medial part of this lobe functions in what?

-Temporal lobe

-emotion, memory and learning

How many layers of cells are there in the (neo) cerebral cortex?

6

Name the six layers of cells in the neo cerebral cortex TQ

1. Molecular layer

2. External granular layer

3. External pyramidal later

4. internal granular layer

5. Internal pyramidal layer

6. Polymorphic layer

Which cell layer is the main input layer of the neo cerebral cortex? 100% TQ

Internal Granular Layer (IV)

Which cell layer is the main output layer of the neo cerebral cortex? 100% TQ

what cells are found here?

-internal pyramidal layer (V)

-large pyramidal cells

Intracortical communication primarily uses what type of cells?

granular neurons (cells)

What are the three association areas discussed in lecture?

1. Prefrontal

2. Parieto-ocipito-temporal

3. Limbic

The parieto-occipito-temporal association area primarily interprets ____________ information.

It is located ______________ to the central sulcus.

sensory; posterior

(visual, somatic sensation, auditory, olfactory)

What are the sub-areas of the parieto-occipito-temporal association area? (4)

1. spatial coordination

2. language comprehension (wernikes)

3. Visual language processing (reading)

4. Naming objects

Which area of the parieto-occipito-temporal association area deals with being able to localize and process our own body parts, sounds, and visual stimuli?

(processing 3D things in space)

spatial coordinates area

Which sub-area provides us with the ability to comprehend language (written and spoken)? 100% TQ

Wernicke's area

Which is the most important area for higher intellectual function?

Wernicke's area (written and spoken language comprehension)

Wernicke's area is dominant on the ________ side in 95% of people.

This area is _____% larger at birth on the _______________ side.

100% TQs

left; 50%; dominant

Which area allows for the ability to read? (relays visual information of written word to wernicke's) TQ

Angular gyrus (visual language area)

Which area is located between the primary visual cortex and Wernicke's area?

Visual Language Area (angular gyrus)

What would happen with a damaged visual language area?

Cannot read written language, no problems with auditory processing of language

What is agnosia?

inability to identify objects, people or sounds

What is the most important association area?

Prefrontal area

What is the function of the prefrontal association area? TQs

-Executive function (empathy, reason, goals)

-though processing

-motor planning

-working memory (4-7 pieces of info at a time)

Damage to which association area would lead to a loss of ability to solve complex problems? TQ!

Prefrontal association area

Damage to which area would result in decreased ambition/planning and or/ goals? TQ!

prefrontal association area

Elaboration of though is a function of which association area? TQ

Prefrontal association area

Working memory, (involved with the prefrontal association area) allows us to keep track of how many pieces of information at a time? TQ

-4-7 pieces of information

T/F: the prefrontal association area allows humans to communicate. This involves both sensory and motor components.

TRUE

Complex communication required coordination between what 5 areas? TQ

1. Primary auditory/visual

2. Wernicke's

3. Prefrontal association area

4. Broca's

5. Primary motor cortex

Which association area is responsible for processing emotion, behavior and motivation? TQ

Limbic association area

Which area is involved in the recognition of faces? TQ!

Which two portions of this area are connected to provide emotional meaning toward faces for recognition? TQ

-Limbic area

-occipital portion and temporal portion

The occipital portion of the limbic system communicates with the ____________ ____________ cortex, whereas the temporal portion communicates with the _________ system to allow for the recognition of faces? TQ

primary visual; limbic

What is the function of the temporal portion of the facial recognition area?

associating a face with an emotion

What is prospagnosia ?

Inability to recognize faces

Short term (working memory) is association with which lobe?

prefrontal lobe

How long does short term memory usually last?

Intermediate memory? TQ

Long term memory?

-few seconds to minutes

-Minutes to a few weeks

-permanent, structural changes in neurons

The inhibition of synaptic pathways for monotonous (non-important) details refers to what? 100% TQ

(loss of signal strength over time)

Habituation

Facilitation/enhancement of synaptic pathways for consequential input refers to what? 100% TQ

(using emotion to remember important things)

memory sensitization

What are memories that you can consciously control? TQ

Declarative (explicit) memory

Declarative memory can be broken down into ______________ memory, which has to do with personal experiences, and _______________ memory, which is factual information. TQ!

Declarative memory in conscious btw!!

episodic memory; semantic memory

Subconscious or "muscle memory" is called ______________ memory. TQ

Reflexive (implicit) memory

Buckling your seatbelt and shifting into gear in order to drive your car is an example of what type of memory?

Reflexive (implicit) memory

(muscle memory, don't have to think to do it)

Getting dressed in the morning is an example of what type of memory?

Reflexive (implicit) memory

T/F: Short term memory is consolidated and neuron pathways are strengthened.

FALSE: they last seconds to minutes and are only converted/consolidated if there is repetition or meaning

What does it mean when a memory is "consolidated" ? TQ

It is converted to longer term memory

The transfer of short/intermediate memory into long term memory is referred to as? TQ

Consolidation

How are synapses weakened in molecular habituation (to forget unimportant things)? 100% TQ

closure of calcium channels at the sensory axon terminal-->decreasing NT--> decreasing synapse

To strengthen a pathway, _____________ _________________ must occur.

This releases serotonin, which blocks potassium channels (making it so the K+ cannot leave) and prolonging depolarization, thus strengthening the pathway.

100% need to understand this concept! TQ

molecular facilitation

What NT is released during molecular facilitation? TQ

What does this lead to? TQ

-Serotonin

-it blocks K+ channels, K+ cannot leave the cells and depolarization is prolonged, strengthening the pathway

Long-term memory is due to _______________ changes leading to the release of more ________________, strengthening the pathway. 100% TQ

Structural; neurotransmitters

Consolidation of memories for long term memory occurs where? TQ

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is one of the most important areas for receiving signals related to ____________ and __________. TQ

reward; punishment

Damage to the hippocampus can result in _________________.

amnesia

The loss of capability to store NEW memories, but past memories are intact refers to which type of amnesia?

anterograde amnesia

The loss of previous/recent memories refers to which type of amnesia?

retrograde amnesia

95% of people have a dominant ____________ hemisphere. 100% TQ

LEFT

Broca's area is almost always dominant on in which hemisphere?

left

The hand skills area is dominant on the ___________ hemisphere is what percent of people? 100% TQ

left; 90%

Whish large structure is responsible for bidirectional communication between the majority of cerebral hemispheres? TQ

Corpus Collosum

What is the amygdala responsible for?

emotions (anger, fear)

Which small structure is responsible for communication between the anterior temporal lobes? TQ

Anterior commissure

What are the two parts of the reticular activating system?

1. Generalized

2. Specific

Which part of the reticular activating system is NOT very specific and has short lived activity and helps to maintain wakefulness? 100% TQ

Generalized reticular activating system

What is the source of signals from the generalized reticular activating system? TQ!

Bulboreticular faciliatory area

Which NT is released from the generalized reticular activating system? TQ

Ach (lasts a few seconds, "jolt" of wakefullness)

The specific reticular activating system uses neurohormonal signals which last how long?

Is this a longer or shorter time span than the generalized reticular activating system?

TQs

-minutes to hours

-longer (generalized is miliseconds)

Which NTs are stimulatory neurohormonal signals in the reticular activating system?

Which are inhibitory?

TQs

-NE, Ach

-Serotonin

Where does serotonin originate from?

Raphe nucleus

Which NT is both stimulatory and inhibitory in the reticular activating system?

Where does it originate and does it act on?

-dopamine

-originates in substantia nigra, acts on caudate and putamen nucleus

The Hypothalamus is the control headquarter for what three systems? 100% TQ

1. Limbic system

2. Endocrine system

3. Autonomic Control

The hypothalamus send output signals to which three locations? 100% TQ

What do these locations influence? TQ

1. Reticular Area (affects autonomic centers)

2. Thalamus and Cortex (affects limbic system)

3. Pituitary gland (affects endocrine system)

Stimulation of the ____________ ______________ triggers the urge to eat and drink.

Strong stimulation of this area is associated with _________.

TQ

lateral hypothalamus; rage

A lesion of the lateral hypothalamus leads to what problems?

-no urge to eat or drink

-loss of drive

Stimulation of the ____________________ _____________ leads to relaxation and feeling of fullness (satiated). TQ

ventromedial nucleus

a lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to what problems?

-excessive eating and drinking

-easily agitated

(constant drive for satiety)

stimulation of the _______________ _________ plays a role in fear and/or shame.

periventricular nuclei

What are the reward centers of the limbic system? 3 TQ

1. lateral hypothalamic nuclei

2. Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei

3. Nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia)

Weak stimuli of reward centers gives a sense of __________, whereas strong stimuli gives a sense of _______________.

reward; punishment

What are the punishment centers of the hypothalamus (limbic system)? (2)

1. Central gray area surrounding Aqueduct of Sylvius

2. Periventricular zone of hypothalamus

Most of the decisions we make come down to ____________ and ____________. TQ

reward; punishment

Which part of the limbic system is heavily involved in fear responses? TQ

Amygdala

What area of the limbic system is key for receiving sensory information related to emotion and survival (danger, food, mating) ?

amygdala

An increase in arterial pressure and heart rate is due to stimulation of the _____________ and ___________ hypothalamus, this is then transmitted through the ______________ center.

lateral; posterior; vasomotor

A decrease in arterial pressure and heart rate is due to stimulation of the _________ __________ of the hypothalamus and it is transmitted through the ______________ center.

preoptic area; vasomotor

which area of the hypothalamus regulates a response to cool down by itself if there is an increase in body temperature (down regulating body temp). ? TQ

preoptic area ("heat loss center")

If there is a decrease in body temperature, which part of the hypothalamus regulates it (heats it up)? TQ

posterior hypothalamus ("heat conservation center")

The hypothalamus has a mechanism for water conservation.

First, the _______________ _____________of _________ __________ detects low water/osmolarity since it is chemosensitive.

That information is they relayed to the ____________ ______________.

This then triggers release of _____________ by the ______________ __________.

100% TQ-NEED TO KNOW!

-Vascular organ of lamina terminalis (VOLT)

-supraoptic nucleus

- ADH; posterior pituitary

Which hormone stimulates the lateral hypothalamus what there is an empty stomach (we are hungry)?

Ghrelin

which hormones stimulates the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus when we are full (satisfied) (2)? TQ

Leptin, Insulin

(vagus nerve releases stretch in stomach/GI)

how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland? 100% TQ

regulatory hormones travel through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels to act on ant. pituitary

how does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary gland? 100% TQ

peptide hormones released directly into circulation and ADH and Oxytocin are released

In posterior pituitary regulation from the thalamus, oxytocin is released from when nucleus?

ADH is released from which nucleus?

Paraventricular nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

The HPA axis is associated with the coordination in releasing cortisol.

Which three structures are involved in this cascade?

1. hypothalamus

2. anterior pituitary

3. Adrenal cortex

In the HPA axis, the hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus) releases _____________, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release _______________, which acts on the adrenal cortex and releases ____________. TQ!

CRH; Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH); Cortisol

The cortex of the adrenal gland releases what when stimulated? TQ

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Cortisol ______________ inflammation and lymphocyte proliferation (T cells), allowing it to sometime be used as a treatment for what condition? TQ

decreases; overactive immune system

What are the 4 typical waves of brain activity?

-Alpha

-Beta

-Theta

-Delta

Which brain wave pattern is occurring with a calm, resting and awake state?

High or low frequency?

High or low voltage?

TQ

Alpha

High frequency

Low voltage

Which brain wave pattern is occurring in a brain with increased thinking, learning and processing?

High or low frequency?

High or low voltage?

TQ

Beta

Highest frequency

low voltage

Which brain wave pattern is typically occurring in children, or those with emotional distress.

High or low frequency?

High or low voltage?

TQ

Theta

low frequency

high voltage

Which brain wave pattern is seen in slow-wave sleep?

High or low frequency?

High or low voltage?

TQ

Delta

Very low frequency

Very high voltage