GEN BIO II - FINAL

primary succession

the process of life colonizing barren land

role of bryophytes

colonize bare rocks to aid in soil formation and stabilization

Darwin’s three basic outcomes

all traits are inherited, competition is produced through offspring, offspring vary in characeristics

eukaryote

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, larger, linear DNA

prokaryote

nucleoid, no organelles, smaller, circular DNA

monocot

one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, fibrous roots

dicot

two cotyledons, net-like leaf veins, taproot

Ascomycota

sac fungi, asci, important plant parasites, decomposers, pathogens, found in lichens

Basidiomycota

club fungi, basidia, dikaryotic mycelia, plasmogamy + karyogamy; positives: pharmalogical and edible, negatives: plant disease and wood decay

Chytridiomycota

chytrids, simplest and unicellular, retained flagella, zoospores; positives: endoparasites on mosquitoes, breakdown toughest biomaterial, negatives: decline of amphibians, parasitic to humans

Glomeromycota

endophytes (live inside plant), arbuscular mycorrhizae, aseptate hyphae, only reproduction by itself

Zygomycota

zygota fungi, zygosporangia, grow rapidly, live in soil; positives: important in C-cycle, insect control, negatives: economic losses to fruits, pathogens

five kingdoms of life

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, Protista

basics of the animal kingdom

heterotrophs, reproduce both ways, eukaryotic

endoskeleton

internal, soft, flexible

exoskeleton

external, hard, rigid

9 phyla + 1

Porifera, Cnidaira, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata, Rotifera

Porifera

3 classes, collar + pore cells, osculum, and spicules

Cnidaria

characteristics of body shapes, nematocytes, 4 classes

Platyhelminthes

flatworms, characteristics (one opening), flame cells, proglottids, 4 classes (fluke), free living, endo/ectoparasites

Nematoda

characteristics (two openings), most are free living

Annelida

characteristics, 3 classes, trocophore, important to ecosystem

Mollusca

characteristics, most commonly found in the ocean, 3 classes, importance

Rotifera

characteristics, importance to the environment, concept of oligotrophic to mesotrophic to eutrophic, pseudocoelomates

Arthropoda

difference between all four classes

Echinodermata

characteristics, water vascular system, 5 classes, marine animals

Chordata

four main characteristics + common clades (fish, reptiles, mammals)

Hox gene

master gene that determines body plan and segment identity

invertebrate

without a vertebral column

vertebrate

has a vertebral column

symmetries

asymmetrical, radial, and bilateral

diploblastic

2 tissues (endoderm and ectoderm)

triploblastic

3 tissues (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)

ectoderm

outer layer, forms the skin and the nervous system

mesoderm

middle layer, forms the muscles, circulatory and reproductive systems

endoderm

inner layer, forms the digestive and respiratory systems

protostome

forms the mouth first, then the ‘nus

deuterostome

anus forms first, then the mouth

classes of Porifera

3 in total = Calcera, Hexactinellida, Demospongia

classes of Cnidaria

4 in total = Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, Ctenophora

classes of Platyhelminthes

Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda (fluke), Monogenea

classes of Nematoda

2 in total = Ascaris, Trichinella, ringworm (A FUNGUS)

classes of Rotifera

3 classes in total

classes of Annelida

3 classes in total = Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinea

classes of Mollusca

3 classes in total = Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

classes of Arthropoda

4 classes in total = Chelicerates, Cristaceans, Hexapoda, and Myriapoda

classes of Echinodermata

5 classes in total = sea urchin, sea lily, sea star, sea cucumber, brittlestar

“classes” of Chordata

a few to remember = think of skulls, fish, reptiles, mammals

basic characteristics of Porifera

asymmetrical, acoelomate, lack tissues

basic characteristics of Cnidaria

radial symmetry, acoelomate, diploblastic

basic characteristics of Platyhelminthes

bilateral symmetry, acoelomate, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Nematoda

bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomates, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Annelida

bilateral symmetry, coelom, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Mollusca

bilateral symmetry, coelom, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Rotifera

bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Arthropoda

bilateral symmetry, coelom, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Echinodermata

radial symmetry, coelom, triploblastic

basic characteristics of Chordata

bilateral symmetry, coelom, triploblastic

specific characteristics of Porifera

sponges, marine, sessile, lack true tissue

specific characteristics of Cnidaria

jellyfish + coral, polyp or medusa, aquatic, reproduce both ways, carnivores

specific characteristics of Platyhelminthes

flatworms, found in many environments, one opening, flame cells, proglottids, no circulatory system

specific characteristics of Nematoda

roundworms, two openings, cuticle layer, many free living, detrimental to soil

specific characteristics of Annelida

segmented worms, tagmati