Glaciers

1) A glacier is a ________ that forms over hundreds or thousands of years. A) ice floe B) snow field C) thick ice mass D) iceberg

C) thick ice mass

2) Which of the following locations does not currently have glaciers? A) Antarctica B) Alaska C) Scotland D) Norway

C) Scotland

3) When was the Last Glacial Maximum? A) 100,000 years ago C) 10,000 years ago B) 32,000 years ago D) 18,000 years ago

D) 18,000 years ago

4) The Laurentide Ice Sheet is an example of ________ glaciation. A) valley B) alpine C) continental D) ice cap

C) continental

5) ________ is an elevation point above which snow remains throughout the year. A) Grounding line B) Surge C) Firn D) Snowline

D) Snowline

6) Which crevasse will form perpendicular to the terminus as a glacier moves over a change in

slope? A) Moulin B) Transverse C) Bergschrund D) Longitudinal

D) Longitudinal

7) Why are the ice shelves off Antarctica breaking off? A) Global warming C) Shifts in Earth's axis B) Biological activity D) Wave activity

A) Global warming

8) Arêtes, horns, and hanging valleys are evidence of ________ glaciation. A) ice shelf B) alpine C) continental D) ice cap

B) alpine

9) ________ is an erosional method where meltwater penetrates fractures in subglacial bedrock and freezes. A) Comminuting B) Plucking C) Spalling D) Abrasion

B) Plucking

10) What shape do glacial troughs generally display? A) U B) V C) W D) Y

A) U

11) A ________ is a small, circular lake that occupies a cirque basin. A) marsh B) tarn C) fenster D) drift

B) tarn

12) A(n) ________ is a sharp, knife-edged ridge that forms between two valley glaciers. A) moraine B) horn C) col D) arête

D) arête

13) Which part of a glacier is responsible for abrasion and plucking? A) Glacial interior C) Basal sliding zone B) Brittle surface zone D) Terminus

C) Basal sliding zone

14) How is "rock flour" formed?

A) Rock flour is subsurface sediment that rises due to plastic flow

B) A glacier pulverizes rocks

C) Rock flour is small pieces of ice that form on the edge of the zone of accumulation

D) Meltwater carries minerals that precipitate

B) A glacier pulverizes rocks

15) Long narrow grooves gouged into the rock by glacial erosion are called ________. A) ablations B) streaks C) striations D) pater nosters

C) striations

16) ________ are stratified sands and gravels carried away from the glacial terminus by meltwater. A) Loess B) Outwash C) Till D) Diamicton

B) Outwash

17) ________ is unsorted, unstratified, bimodal sediment directly deposited by the glacial ice. A) Loess B) Outwash C) Till D) Diamicton

C) Till

18) Which moraine marks the furthest extent of glacial ice? A) Medial moraine C) Recessional moraine B) Terminal moraine D) Lateral moraine

B) Terminal moraine

19) Read the following excerpt from The Works of John Playfair (1822). What glacial landform is being

described?

"…For the moving of large masses of rock, the most powerful engines without doubt that nature

employs are the glaciers….[Rock] fragments they gradually transport to their utmost

boundaries, where a formidable wall ascertains the magnitude, and attests the force, of the great

engine by which it was erected."

A) Drumlin B) Moraine C) Arête D) Horn

B) Moraine

20) Lateral and medial moraines are found in connection with ________ glaciation. A) ice shelf B) alpine C) ice cap D) continental

B) alpine

21) Which of the following best explains the formation of a medial moraine on a glacier?

A) A gravel pile that marks periods of glacial readvancement

B) A ridge of debris carried along the sides of an advancing glacier

C) Sands and gravels that fill a subglacial stream channel

D) A ridge of debris carried down the center of glacial ice

D) A ridge of debris carried down the center of glacial ice

22) Deposits of stratified sands and gravels transported from the glacial margin by meltwater are

called a(n) ________ when adjacent to an ice sheet and a(n) ________ when adjacent to an alpine glacier. A) lateral moraine; kame C) terminus; esker B) outwash plain; valley train

D) drumlin; outwash plain

B) outwash plain; valley train

23) What bodies of water are formed when a stagnant block of glacial ice near the terminus becomes

partly or completely buried in glacial sediments, eventually melting to create a lake?

A) Braided streams B) Tarns C) Kettle lakes D) Paternosters

C) Kettle lakes

24) Which of the following scenarios can lead to the formation of a kame?

A) Sediment accumulates in a hole in the ice.

B) Sediment covers a stagnant block of ice.

C) Sediment is carried on top of the glacier.

D) Sediment collects in subglacial stream channels.

A) Sediment accumulates in a hole in the ice.

25) Which state would you not expect to contain drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes?

A) Michigan B) Tennessee C) New York D) Minnesota

B) Tennessee

26) What name do we give to large boulders that have been carried long distances by glacial ice? A) Outwashes B) Rouche moutonees C) Drumlins D) Erratics

D) Erratics

27) How does isostatic rebound affect a glacial landscape after the glacier is removed? A) A depressed crust rises after glacial retreat.

B) Meltwater streams deposit sediment, severely depressing the landscape.

C) Advancing glaciers erode bedrock, which allows rock to spring up.

D) Weight of water forces the crust downward.

A) A depressed crust rises after glacial retreat.

28) What is a pluvial lake?

A) A lake that fills in an arid/semiarid region due to increased precipitation in a cooler, wetter climate

B) A subterranean lake forming in a sinkhole

C) A lake that forms on the margins of glaciers from glacial meltwater

D) A lake forming from a stagnant piece of melting glacial ice caught between two recessional moraines

A) A lake that fills in an arid/semiarid region due to increased precipitation in a cooler, wetter climate

29) Which continent had the greatest area covered by glaciers at the height of the Ice Age? A) North America B) Europe C) Asia D) South America

A) North America

30) Which of the following is not part of the Milankovitch Cycle?

A) Precession B) Eccentricity C) Isostacy D) Obliquity

C) Isostacy