Power, Sovereignty and IR: Theorists (Real one)
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Last updated 3:18 PM on 12/15/22
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15 Terms
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**Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)**
Best known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how states use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies
Founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy.
Was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.
Founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy.
Was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.
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**Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)**
**His class work,** ***Leviathan*****, explored political obligation. Based on the assumption that human beings seek “power after power”, it provided a realist justification for absolutist government.**
**English political philosopher**
**Developed the first comprehensive theory surrounding nature and human behaviour since Aristotle.**
**English political philosopher**
**Developed the first comprehensive theory surrounding nature and human behaviour since Aristotle.**
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**George Kennan (1904-2005)**
Advocated and helped create the containment policy.
He was one of very few Foreign Service officers who was knowledgeable about the communist state and understood what motivated the Soviets.
Was an American diplomat and historian.
He was one of very few Foreign Service officers who was knowledgeable about the communist state and understood what motivated the Soviets.
Was an American diplomat and historian.
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**John Locke (1632-1704)**
He is often referred to as the "Father of Classical Liberalism".
His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
Locke saw the social contract in a way that the governed had a right to overthrow the government if the government failed to protect the life, liberty, and property of the governed
Locke was an English philosopher and key figure of Enlightenment
His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
Locke saw the social contract in a way that the governed had a right to overthrow the government if the government failed to protect the life, liberty, and property of the governed
Locke was an English philosopher and key figure of Enlightenment
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**Steven Lukes (b. 1941)**
**Apolitical and social theorist.**
**He believes in the academic theory of the “three faces of power”**
**This theory claims that governments control people in three ways: through decision-making power, non decision-making power and ideological power.**
**He believes in the academic theory of the “three faces of power”**
**This theory claims that governments control people in three ways: through decision-making power, non decision-making power and ideological power.**
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**Karl Marx (1818-1883)**
Their work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought.
At the centre of his work was a critique of capitalism that highlights its transitionary nature by drawing attention to systemic inequality and instability.
He published the Communist Manifesto
At the centre of his work was a critique of capitalism that highlights its transitionary nature by drawing attention to systemic inequality and instability.
He published the Communist Manifesto
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**Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)**
Recognised as the founder of modern political science and political ethics, he believed in the importance of hard power and a strong leader who wasn’t afraid to be harsh to his subjects.
His most famous quote is: “It is better to be feared than loved.”
His most famous quote is: “It is better to be feared than loved.”
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**John Mearsheimer (b. 1947)**
He is one of the leading exponents of offensive realism and a key architect of neorealist stability theory.
He describes the interaction between great powers as dominated by a rational desire to achieve hegemonic status in a world of insecurity and uncertainty over other states' intentions.
American international relations theorist.
He has been a vocal critic of US policy towards China, believing it is strengthening China at the expense of the USA.
Mearsheimer considers that China's growing power will inevitably bring it into conflict with the United States.
He describes the interaction between great powers as dominated by a rational desire to achieve hegemonic status in a world of insecurity and uncertainty over other states' intentions.
American international relations theorist.
He has been a vocal critic of US policy towards China, believing it is strengthening China at the expense of the USA.
Mearsheimer considers that China's growing power will inevitably bring it into conflict with the United States.
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**Hans Morgenthau (1904-1980)**
**set out to develop a science of power politics, based on the belief of that what he called a “political man” is an innately selfish creature with an insatiable urge to dominate others.**
**Morgenthau rejected moralistic views on international politics and advocated a realist approach to diplomacy.**
**German born, American-based international relation theorist who has been dubbed the “Pope” of international relations.**
**Morgenthau rejected moralistic views on international politics and advocated a realist approach to diplomacy.**
**German born, American-based international relation theorist who has been dubbed the “Pope” of international relations.**
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**Joseph Nye (b. 1937)**
Coined the term “soft power”
American academic and foreign policy analyst and a leading theorist of “complex interdependence”, which offered an alternative to the realist belief in international anarchy. Nye has been particularly associated with the idea of soft power (the ability to attract and persuade), a term he coined, and later with the notion of smart power, a blend of soft and hard power
American academic and foreign policy analyst and a leading theorist of “complex interdependence”, which offered an alternative to the realist belief in international anarchy. Nye has been particularly associated with the idea of soft power (the ability to attract and persuade), a term he coined, and later with the notion of smart power, a blend of soft and hard power
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**Adam Smith (1723-1790)**
Scottish economist and philosopher, usually seen as the founder of economics.
Smith’s most famous work, *The Wealth of Nations* (1776), was the first systematic attempt to explain the workings of the economy in market terms, emphasizing the importance of the division of labour.
His theoretical contributions were key to the development of capitalism and, later, liberalism.
Smith’s most famous work, *The Wealth of Nations* (1776), was the first systematic attempt to explain the workings of the economy in market terms, emphasizing the importance of the division of labour.
His theoretical contributions were key to the development of capitalism and, later, liberalism.
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**J. Ann Tickner (b. 1937)**
American academic and feminist international relations theorist.
She espouses that conventional studies of international relations marginalizes gender and is gendered itself.
In her book, *Gender in International Relations*, she highlights that a masculinized version of national security can enhance insecurity and that peace, sustainability and economic justice are vital to women's security.
She espouses that conventional studies of international relations marginalizes gender and is gendered itself.
In her book, *Gender in International Relations*, she highlights that a masculinized version of national security can enhance insecurity and that peace, sustainability and economic justice are vital to women's security.
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**Kenneth Waltz (1924-2013)**
Waltz was a founder of neorealism, or structural realism, in international relations theory and is associated with defensive realism
Ignoring human nature and the ethics of statecraft, Waltz used systems theory to explain how international anarchy effectively determines the actions of states with change in the international system occurring through changes in the distribution of capabilities between and amongst states.
American political scientist who was one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations.
His book, *Theory of International Politics* (1979), was the most influential book of international relations theory of its generation, establishing Waltz as the successor to Morgenthau in the discipline.
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Waltz’s analysis was closely associated with the Cold War and the belief that bipolarity is more stable and provides a better guarantee of peace and security than does multipolarity.
Ignoring human nature and the ethics of statecraft, Waltz used systems theory to explain how international anarchy effectively determines the actions of states with change in the international system occurring through changes in the distribution of capabilities between and amongst states.
American political scientist who was one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations.
His book, *Theory of International Politics* (1979), was the most influential book of international relations theory of its generation, establishing Waltz as the successor to Morgenthau in the discipline.
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Waltz’s analysis was closely associated with the Cold War and the belief that bipolarity is more stable and provides a better guarantee of peace and security than does multipolarity.
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**Alexander Wendt (b. 1958)**
He accepts that states are the primary units of analysis for international political theory, but urges that states and their interests should not be taken for granted.
The key structures of the state-system are ‘inter-subjective’ rather than material, in that states act on the basis of identities and interests that are socially constructed
he therefore argues that neorealism and neoliberalism are flawed because both fail to take account of the self-understandings of state actors.
Wendt is a German born international relations meta theorist who has worked mainly in the United States.
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The key structures of the state-system are ‘inter-subjective’ rather than material, in that states act on the basis of identities and interests that are socially constructed
he therefore argues that neorealism and neoliberalism are flawed because both fail to take account of the self-understandings of state actors.
Wendt is a German born international relations meta theorist who has worked mainly in the United States.
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**Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)**
American president from 1913-21.
Wilson is viewed as a liberal, who sought an idealistic internationalism, reflected in his 14 Points.
This laid the foundation for the League of Nations.
Wilsonian liberalism is usually associated with the idea that a world of democratic nation-states, modelled on the USA, is the surest means of preventing war.
Wilson is viewed as a liberal, who sought an idealistic internationalism, reflected in his 14 Points.
This laid the foundation for the League of Nations.
Wilsonian liberalism is usually associated with the idea that a world of democratic nation-states, modelled on the USA, is the surest means of preventing war.