Chapter 11: Sample Surveys

A set of vocabulary flashcards derived from Chapter 11 of the statistics lecture notes, covering key terms and concepts related to sample surveys.

Sampling

The process of selecting a smaller group from a larger population to make inferences about the whole.

Population parameter

A key number that characterizes an entire population, which can be estimated using data.

Bias

A systematic error that occurs when sampling methods favor certain outcomes over others.

Randomization

The process of selecting individuals for a sample in a way that gives each individual an equal chance of being chosen.

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A sample in which each possible sample has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to be included.

Stratified random sampling

A sampling method that involves dividing the population into homogeneous groups (strata) and then randomly sampling from each stratum.

Cluster sampling

A sampling method where the population is divided into clusters, and entire clusters are randomly selected for sampling.

Systematic sampling

A sampling method where individuals are selected according to a fixed, periodic interval from a randomly chosen starting point.

Nonresponse bias

A type of bias that occurs when certain individuals selected for the sample do not respond, potentially skewing the results.

Voluntary response sample

A sample that includes individuals who voluntarily choose to participate, often resulting in biased outcomes due to self-selection.