period 3 cram frfr

Enlightenment

Post-Renaissance period in European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science- politics- the arts- and philosophy

American Revolution

Conflict between American colonists and the British government caused by growing resentments over taxation and governing policies-- Revolutionary War lasted 1775–1781 and ended in American independence and the first large-scale democracy since ancient Greece

French Revolution

Conflict between the Third Estate (peasants- townsfolk- merchants) and the First and Second Estates (clergy and nobility) for political and social control-- inspired by the American Revolution-- Napoleon Bonaparte ultimately seized power in a coup

Maroon

Term for a nineteenth-century escaped slave in the Americas who established an independent settlement away from plantations-- also used to describe those slaves’ present-day descendants

Haitian Revolution

Slave revolt from 1791–1804 led by Toussaint L’Ouverture--- the French colony of Saint-Domingue became the independent nation of Haiti — the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere and the world’s first Black republic

Latin American Independence Movements

Movements against Spanish colonial rule in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s leading to independence of every nation in the region-- key leaders were Simón Bolívar- José de San Martín- and Bernardo O’Higgins

Nationalism

The tendency of people to see themselves as part of a broader community unified by common heritages- cultures- languages- religions- and customs--- fueled empire expansion and often arose as a reaction against foreign rule

Adam Smith

Scottish economist whose 1776 work The Wealth of Nations advocated laissez-faire economics (minimal government interference)- making him one of the fathers of modern capitalism

Factory System

System of labor using rigorous mechanization and large numbers of unskilled workers to mass-produce goods---developed during the Industrial Revolution---interchangeable parts simplified assembly but made work repetitive

Global Division of Labor

System in which industrialized societies utilized raw materials from less industrialized societies (e.g.- cotton from India- rubber from Brazil- metals from Central Africa) to facilitate large-scale manufacturing-- provided impetus for imperialist conquests

First Industrial Revolution

Rapid industrial development in European countries and the United States between 1760 and 1820---the steam engine enabled steamships and early locomotives to rapidly increase the speed at which goods- people- and ideas spread

Second Industrial Revolution

Continuing industrialization from 1870 to 1920 including revolutionary new methods of producing steel- chemicals- and electrical power-- transformed society in Western Europe- Japan- and the United States

Railroads

Steam-powered locomotives invented in England in the 1820s started a transportation revolution-- by 1900 virtually every industrialized nation had a well-developed railroad system

Liberalism

Political and economic ideology based on Enlightenment philosophies advocating constitutional government- separation of powers- natural rights- and limited government involvement in the industrialized economy

Socialism

Utopian ideal developed in response to poor working conditions faced by factory workers-- workers would run the economy in a self-sufficient manner and share everything fairly- eliminating the wealthy classes

Communism

Extreme form of socialism in which governments centrally plan the economy

inspired by The Communist Manifesto (1848)- which advocated the overthrow of the bourgeoisie (capitalists) by the proletariat (workers)

Tanzimat Movement

Period of reform in the Ottoman Empire from 1839 to 1879 resulting in a modernized infrastructure- a new legal code modeled after the French system- and religious equality under the law

First Opium War

Conflict between China and Great Britain in 1839 after Chinese customs officials refused British imports of Indian opium-- weakened the Qing Dynasty and made China more vulnerable to unequal trade with the West

Second Opium War

Conflict between China Great Britain and France from 1856 to 1860-- aimed to further weaken China’s trade position legalize opium trade and expand the export of indentured workers from China

Self-Strengthening Movement

Attempt by China in the 1860s and 1870s to modernize its military and economy on its own terms-- changes were minimal due to imperial resistance

Taiping Rebellion

Christian-based uprising led by Chinese scholar Hong Xiuquan from 1850 to 1864-- the violent imperial response left China financially strained and caused the bloodiest civil war in world history

Boxer Rebellion

Movement by a secret Chinese society backed by Empress Cixi to rid China of foreigners and foreign influence-- defeated by a multinational force including the United States and Russia

Imperialism

Policy of a country extending its rule over other countries- often by force-- a wave of imperialism from 1750 to 1900 was spurred by industrial nations’ need for raw materials and markets- and justified by racial and cultural ideologies about imperial superiority

Social Darwinism

Popular nineteenth-century theory used to justify capitalism and imperialism-- drew on Charles Darwin’s concept of survival of the fittest

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Conflict in India between the British and Indian soldiers in British service (Sepoys)-- the British victory strengthened the legitimacy of their rule

Congo Free State

Colony in Central Africa established in 1885 by Belgium’s King Leopold II-- consisted of large rubber plantations worked by forced labor in brutal conditions-- later declared independence as Zaire- now the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Indentured Servants

System of labor in which workers are contracted to work for a fixed period of time- usually for a low wage- in exchange for land or other assistance

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law enacted in the United States in 1882 that severely limited immigration from China- which had been prevalent during the California Gold Rush and the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad

Emancipation of Slaves

Process by which slavery was abolished and slaves were granted freedom- partly driven by Enlightenment ideals- between the 1830s and 1880s every industrialized nation and its colonies gradually abolished slavery and turned to wage labor and indentured servitude

Feminism

Movement undertaken by women emerging from the economic changes of industrialization- challenged established gender roles and advocated for increased political and legal rights

Meiji Restoration

Period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan beginning in 1868 in which Japan transformed from a feudal society into a modern industrial nation-state

Berlin Conference 1885

Meeting of European powers to divide and formalize the colonization of Africa- set the rules for European claims over African territory with no African representation

Suez Canal

Canal built by the British and French in the 1850s linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea- shortened sea travel between Europe and Asia dramatically

Panama Canal

Canal completed in 1913 cutting through Central America- shortened travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and boosted global trade

Banana Republics

Term for Latin American and other developing nations that became highly dependent on a single cash crop (e.g. sugar- cotton- rubber)- foreign investors controlled plantations and most profits left the country- preventing economic development

Modernization Theory

Theory that as countries become more modern or westernized their economies prosper- political rights grow- and social systems improve

contrasted by Dependency Theory which argues rich countries exploit poorer ones preventing their development

Victorian Cult of Domesticity

Middle-class ideal originating in Victorian England in which women’s proper role was defined as wife and mother in the home

led middle-class women to aspire not to work for pay and to have a servant handle domestic chores

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 women’s rights convention held in the United States that was a landmark event in the women’s suffrage movement

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who led enslaved people in overthrowing French colonial rule and establishing Haiti as an independent republic

Simón Bolívar

Key leader of Latin American independence movements who helped liberate much of South America from Spanish colonial rule

Factory System Effects on Women

Women gained some economic opportunities through factory work but were paid significantly less than men

new economic independence and Enlightenment ideals prompted women to organize for political rights

Working Class and Labor Unions

As industrialization grew- a working class emerged- workers organized into unions to advocate against dangerous and oppressive working conditions and to demand fair wages

Qing Dynasty Decline

The Qing Dynasty of China was significantly weakened by the Opium Wars- the Taiping Rebellion- the Boxer Rebellion- and Western spheres of influence-- led to the Chinese Revolution of 1911

Chinese Revolution of 1911

Revolution led by Sun Yatsen and Yuan Shikai against Qing (Manchu) rule-- driven by British imperialism- injustice- and Enlightenment ideals of representation-- set the stage for the 1949 Communist Revolution under Mao Zedong​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​