CIE IGCSE Population 5 markers

why has the worlds population rapidly increased - death rate decrease

better hospitals, doctors, vaccinations, medicines, less infant mortality, better sanitation, sewage, clean water, better nutrition, farming, food imports, access to better food

why has worlds population rapidly increased - birth rate increase

lack of family planning, unplanned pregnancies due to lack of contraceptives, large families sign of wealth and culturally liked, kids are economic assets and can work and support parents, polygamy,

causes and consequences of over population

causes are high BR and low DR due to reasons above, migration

consequences are high unemployment causing poverty causing crime, pressure on housing, healthcare, education, transport, overuse of natural resources, food shortages, pollution

causes and consequences of under population

causes reduction in BR, increase in DR due to conflict, emigration, emancipation of women, ageing population, contraceptive access, population policy, children not needed to work, less infant mortality

consequences are labour shortages, lack of taxes so more tax, closure of services, economic growth slowed. lack of innovation, not enough people to defend country

social/economic/political factors affecting population change

urbanisation, children seen as assets vs expensive, pro/anti natalist policies, vaccinations, HIV/AIDS, increases DR and dependent population

natural population change?

change caused by difference in birth and death rates, not migration

replacement rate

number of children needed/woman for population to replace itself

push factors for migration

war, unemployment, poverty, persecution, natural disasters, poor services and education

pull factors for migration

jobs, higher wages, political safety, quality of life and services better. education, bright lights, family reunification

impacts of migration on origin

Positive: reduces unemployment, pressure on services, food shortages, pollution, money sent back to family can be spent on economy

Negative: brain drain, loss of skilled workers, dependents left behind and ageing population, lack of tax

Impacts of migration on destination

Positive: fill low skilled jobs, cultural diversity, economic contribution, more taxes

Negative: pressure on services, jobs, tension with locals, housing, unemployment to locals, pollution

Impacts of migration on migrants

Positive: better living standards, employment/education, safety, higher wages

Negative: language barrier, discrimination, separation from family, can only get low skilled jobs

consequences of LIC pyramid

high young population so pressure on resources e.g. food, healthcare, education but large workforce

consequences of MEDC pyramid

urbanisation, strain on services

consequences of HIC pyramid

ageing population, burden on workers - higher dependency ratio, greater the burden

physical factors affecting population density

climate for crops, landlocked areas, coastal areas access to trade and ports, open land, oil and resources

economic factors

poor trading links, few resources

social factors

people like living together

political factors

a stable govt attracts people