Psychology and Mental Health Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards from lecture notes covering historical punishments, psychological proponents, clinical disorders (Schizophrenia, Mood, Personality), Industrial-Organizational concepts, and Developmental Psychology stages.

Strappado

A form of punishing the mentally ill where hands and feet are hanged in the air until the individual dies.

Garotte

A punishment method involving strangulation using a chain, wire, rope, or fishing line.

Pear of anguish

A pear-shaped ball inserted into the orifice (opening) of the vagina, anus, or mouth.

Trepanning/Trephanation

A historical surgical procedure involving the drilling of a hole in the skull.

Irone Maiden

A coffin-like shaped device designed to impale different body parts at once.

Brazen Bull

A bull-like structure where a human is placed in the belly and ignited until smoke emerges from the bull’s nostrils.

Christian Vaun Wolf ($1679-1754$)

A proponent who anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.

Wandering womb

A concept by Hippocrates describing hysteria where the uterus moves freely and is dry; solution was marriage to keep it moist.

Phlegmatic

A temperamental psychology type associated with white bile, the element water, and sluggish behavior.

Melancholic

A temperamental psychology type associated with black bile, the element earth, and sadness (linked to MDD and PDD).

Choleric

A temperamental psychology type associated with yellow bile, the element fire, and anger (manic or aggressive).

Sanguine

A temperamental psychology type associated with red bile, the element air, and being happy, talkative, or cheerful.

Emil Kraeplin

Known as the Father of Psychiatry, he created the first version of the DSM and classified disorders such as dementia praecox.

Wilhem Wudnt

The Father of Experimental Psychology who established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in $1979$.

Richard Bon Krafft-Ebbing

A $19^{\text{th}}$ century figure who discovered the link between general paresis and syphillis and labeled the third stage of syphillis.

GPI

An acronym for General Paralysis(Paresis) of the Insane, associated with dementia, grandiose delusions, and loss of motor functioning.

Emperor Yushun

The individual who administered the first psychological test (CSE) in Ancient China during the XIA Dynasty between $4000-2200$ BCE.

Benjamin Rush

The Father of American Psychiatry who utilized moral therapy including the tranquilizing chair and the Gyrator.

Flynn Effect

The observation by James Flynn that IQ scores increase by $3$ points for every $10$ years.

Binet-Simon Scale

A scale developed by Alfred Binet ($1905$) that asked children to distinguish between faces as an experiment in practical intelligence.

DAPT

The Draw A Person Test created by Florence Goodenough and Dale Harris.

Charles Samuel Myers ($1921$)

The creator of the NIIP (National Institute of Industrial Psychology).

Eros and Thanatos

The two primary instinctual forces according to Sigmund Freud, representing life (libido) and death respectively.

Hugo Munsterberg ($1913$)

The Father of Industrial Psychology who defined efficiency in terms of speed.

Konrad Lorenz

A scientist known for his experiments with ducks and geese regarding genetic imprints and fixed time ($1^{\text{st}}$ three days).

Harry Harlow

A researcher who used monkeys to study attachment, comparing a comfort monkey covered in cloth to a wired monkey providing nourishment.

Echolalia

A disorganized speech symptom where an individual repeats a word or phrase only once.

Palilalia

A speech disturbance where an individual repeats a phrase or word multiple times.

Corprolalia

A speech symptom characterized by replying with cursing, obscene, or bad words.

Clanging/Clang association

A symptom of disorganized speech involving the rhyming of words.

Cataplexy

A state where an individual does not move and maintains a rigid or waxy-like posture.

Schizophreniform

A disturbance that exists for no less than $1$ month but no more than $6$ months.

Positive Symptoms (Type $1$)

Symptoms that occur actively in the mesolimbic/tuberoinfindibular pathway, represented by the acronym PBADD.

Negative Symptoms (Type $2$)

Symptoms occurring in the mesocortical/nigrostial pathway, represented by the acronym NAA-AA-AAA.

Alogia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by impoverished thought.

Anhedonia

A symptom characterized by a lack of pleasure.

Depression Neurotransmitters

Specifically associated with LOW SEROTONIN and affecting the PREFRONTAL CORTEX brain region.

Cyclothymia

A persistent chronic form of depressive and hypomanic episodes lasting at least $1$ to $2$ years.

Dysthimia

Also known as Persistent Depressive Disorder, it is chronic mild depression lasting for at least $2$ years.

Confabulation

The act of creating stories to fill memory gaps to protect the ego from memory loss.

Sun-down syndrome

A phenomenon where patients become confused, agitated, or anxious at night or late in the day.

Insomnia

Chronic difficulty in falling asleep for at least $6$ months.

Dysomnia

Acute difficulty in falling asleep for one night.

Somniloquy

The act of talking in one's sleep.

Somnambulism

The act of walking in one's sleep.

Bruxism

The act of grinding teeth during sleep.

EFT (Embedded Figures Test)

A test used for individuals with ASD to examine cognitive style by identifying hidden specific shapes in complex patterns.

Sally-Anne’s Test

A test exploring the theory of mind by looking at beliefs, intentions, desires, and perspectives.

SADD acronym

Used for Conduct Disorder ($8-16$ y/o): Serious violation of rules, Aggression to people and animals, Destruction of property, Deceitfulness and theft.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A cluster characterized by psychotic, odd, or eccentric symptoms, including Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal disorders.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A cluster characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic symptoms, including Borderline, Histrionic, Anti-social, and Narcissistic disorders.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

A cluster characterized by anxious or fearful symptoms, including Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Chipmunk Facie

A condition involving a swollen parotid gland associated with Bulimia Nervosa.

Russell’s sign

Scars on the knuckles of the hand caused by inserting fingers to elicit vomiting in Bulimia Nervosa.

MaJuJu

An acronym for Malaria Therapy by Julius Juaregg, which utilized fever to cure insanity.

Hawthorne Effect

The phenomenon of increased behavior in individuals if they are being watched.

BARS

The Behavioral Anchored Rating Scale developed by Patricia Cain Smith and Lorne Kendall ($1963$).

Type $I$ error

A false positive or false alarm where a candidate is hired but is not effective.

Type $II$ error

A false negative where a qualified personnel is rejected, causing the company to lose talent.

KR-$20$

A formula for internal consistency reliability where the level of difficulty varies significantly across dichotomous items.

KR-$21$

A formula used when items have an equal level of difficulty, where guessing is a major problem.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A non-verbal test used to measure abstract reasoning and fluid intelligence.

Organogenesis

The formation of organs (brain, heart, spine) during the Embryonic Stage from $3$ to $8$ weeks.

Turner’s Syndrome

A condition with $45$ chromosomes ($XO$) in girls, often characterized by a webbed neck.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A condition with $47$ chromosomes ($XXY$) in boys, often resulting in feminine physical characteristics.

Moro reflex

The startle reflex to sound or movement, often managed by swaddling and seen between $4-6$ months.

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson's stage for school-age children ($6-12$ y/o) involving the virtue of COMPETENCE.

Centration

The tendency to concentrate on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others, seen in the pre-operational stage.

Personal fable

A belief in being special or invulnerable, characteristic of the formal operation stage ($12$ years and above).

Anticipatory Grieving

A type of grieving that occurs for an expected loss.

Disenfranchised Grieving

Grief that cannot be acknowledged or mourned publicly, such as the loss of a pet or a secret partner.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disorder.

Prevalence

The total number of existing cases (both old and new).