BIOL172 Exam 1 Guide 3: Naked-Seed Plants and Angiosperms

Which group produces seeds that are "naked," not enclosed in fruit?

Gymnosperms

- seeds not enclosed inside an ovary or fruit

- seeds found on the scales of cones (conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes)

Which group produces seeds enclosed within a fruit?

Angiosperms

Which group has flowers as their reproductive structures?

Angiosperms

Which groups bears cones (strobili) instead of flowers?

Gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, ginkgo)

Strobili: cone like, reproductive structures that bear seeds

What is the main difference between gymnosperm and angiosperm ovules?

Gymnosperm:

not enclosed in ovary

exposed on cone scales "naked"

Angiosperm:

enclosed in ovary

Which group has double fertilization, forming both a zygote and endosperm?

Angiosperm

Endosperm: triploid, sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei, used as energy reserve to nourish the embryo

Which group has more diverse pollination strategies (insects, animals, wind)?

Angiosperms

Which group relies mostly on wind pollination?

Gymnosperm

Which gymnosperm division has only a single living species?

Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)

Which gymnosperm division has large, palm like leaves, but is not related to palms?

Cycadophyta (cycads)

Which gymnosperm division is the most diverse and includes pines, firs, and spruces?

Coniferophyta (conifers)

Which gymnosperm division produces motile sperm cells (that swim to the egg)?

Cycads and ginkgo

Which gymnosperm division includes trees that are mostly evergreen with needle-like or scale-like leaves adapted to cold and dry habitats?

Coniferophyta (conifers)

Define complete, incomplete, staminate, carpellate, and pistillate flower

Complete: has all main parts --> sepals, petals, stamens, pistil

Incomplete: lacks one or more main parts

Staminate: only has stamen no pistil/carpel (male)

Carpellate: only has pistil no stamen (female)

Pistillate: only pistil (same thing just different name)

Define calyx

All sepals of a flower

Define corolla

All petals of a flower

Define perianth

Calyx and corolla

Define anemophily, hydrophily, and zoophily

Anemophily: pollen transported by wind (gymno and angiosperms)

Hydrophily: pollen transported by water (angiosperms)

Zoophily: pollen transported by animals (angiosperms

Define the gynoecium and the androecium of a flowering plant, and state which organs form each.

Gynoecium: female

- pistil (ovary, style, stigma)

Androecium: male

- stamen (filament, anther)

What is called the microgametophyte of Angiosperms? Where is it formed?

Pollen grain, housed in pollen sacs (split open when ready to germinate, group = pollen)

Formed on anther that has four pollen sacs (the microsporangia)

How are the zygote and endosperm formed after pollination?

Pollen tube grows into ovule releasing two sperm

1 sperm fertilizes egg to form zygote

other sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm

AKA double fertilization

Define fruit, list and describe its parts:

Fertilized, developed, and matured ovary

Pericarp + seed (+ pedicel)

Pericarp: originates from the wall of the ovary

- epicarp: external epidermis of ovary

- mesocarp: ovarian mesophyll

- endocarp: internal epidermis of ovary

Seed: originates from seminal rudiment (egg)

Pedicel: stalk that attaches fruit to the plant

Define fleshy, dry, simple, and multiple fruit

Fleshy: attract dispersal agents (animals) more easily (offer rewards)

Dry: have modified structures for adhesion to the dispersal agent (biotic) or for floating and gliding (abiotic dispersal agents)

Simple: resulting from a single flower (single carpel or several distinct carpels forming 1 gynoecium --> aggregate) (grape or raspberry)

Multiple: gynoecium of several closely clustered flowers (pineapple)

Why are plant species included in the ANA grade and Magnoliids clade (basal angiosperms) not considered Eudicots (true dicots)?

Diverged before the split before monocots and true eudicots

Eudicots are monophyletic

Lack shared traits:

- eudicots have triaperturate pollen (3 pores or furrows) --> not found

- magnoliids have 2 cotyledons but this is convergent not shared recent ancestor

What are the main synapomorphies that make monocots a monophyletic group?

Synapomorphies: shared characteristics

1 cotyledon

Parallel venation

Scattered vascular bundles in stem

Vascular bundles in ring in root

Flower parts in 3

Fibrous roots

What are the main synapomorphies of eudicot species?

Tricolpate pollen (3 aperatures)

2 cotyledons

Flower parts 3,4

Taproot

Net live leaf venation

Stem vascular bundles in ring

Root vascular bundles in X

What is the difference between an aposepalous and a synsepalous flower

Apo = separate

Separate sepals vs sepals fused (calyx)

What is the difference between an apopetalous and a sympetalous flower

Separate petals vs fused petals (corolla tube and corolla lobes)

What is the difference between an apocarpous and a syncarpous fruit

Developed from flowers with free carpels (aggregrate) vs fused carpels into one compound ovary (simple)

What is the difference between connation and adnation

Fusion of similar parts in a whorl vs unlike parts from different whorls (stamens to petals)

What is the difference between zygomoporhic, actinomorphic, and asymmetric flowers

Zygo = bilaterial

Actino = radial

Asymmetric = every flower part different size

What is the difference between trimerous, tetramerous, and pentamerous flowers

Tri = flower parts in 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5

Labeled flower

Flower Formulas