Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance

These flashcards cover key concepts from the microbiology lecture focusing on antibiotic use, farming practices, and the implications of antibiotic resistance.

What is horizontal gene transfer in microbes?

It's the process by which bacteria exchange genetic material, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

What are the three methods of gene transfer in bacteria?

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

What is the difference between egg-laying hens and broiler chickens?

Egg-laying hens are raised for egg production, while broiler chickens are raised for meat.

Why do farmers need to cull birds during outbreaks of bird flu?

To control the spread of the virus, as per USDA regulations, before introducing new breeds.

What dietary issue do cows face when fed corn and soy?

Cows can develop heartburn due to their natural diet being primarily grass.

What is the main reason antibiotics are used in factory farming?

To promote faster growth and prevent disease in crowded conditions.

Why did the USDA impose strict regulations on antibiotic use in livestock?

To prevent antibiotic resistance from entering the human food supply.

What is the primary concern with ground beef regarding E. coli?

It may contain bacteria from multiple cows, increasing the risk of contamination.

What should be the safe cooking temperature for ground beef?

Ground beef should be cooked to an internal temperature of 160°F (71°C) to kill harmful bacteria.

What is the significance of the resistance of bacteria to penicillin?

It illustrates how bacteria can mutate and develop mechanisms to survive antibiotic treatment.

What is the role of probiotics in poultry farming?

Probiotics are used as a healthier alternative to antibiotics to promote growth and gut health in chickens.

What was the discovery made by Alexander Fleming regarding penicillin?

He observed that a fungus inhibited the growth of bacteria, which led to the discovery of penicillin.

What is a major public health concern associated with overusing antibiotics?

The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

What is Clostridium difficile, and why is it dangerous?

A gram-positive bacterium that can cause severe colitis and can be lethal, especially after antibiotic treatment.

What is the main effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiome?

Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, potentially leading to infections like C. difficile.

How can amoxicillin resistance occur in bacteria?

Bacteria can produce enzymes like penicillinase that neutralize the antibiotic's effectiveness.

What is the purpose of combining clavulanic acid with amoxicillin?

To inhibit the enzyme penicillinase and allow amoxicillin to work against resistant bacteria.

Why is it problematic when antibiotics are prescribed for viral infections?

Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, and their misuse can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

What are the two classifications of antibiotics based on their action mechanism?

Bactericidal (kills bacteria) and bacteriostatic (inhibits bacterial growth).

What is the recommended method of dealing with ground beef to prevent cross-contamination?

Wash hands and surfaces thoroughly after handling raw meat, and separate it from other foods.