AP World History ALL QUARTERS

Astrolabe

Allows navigators to use the sun to measure latitude; made by asia

Compass

Navigation tool to tell North,South, East & West; made by china, southern-pointing needle similar, used to trading

Champa Rice

rice quick to produce made in Vietnam, spread to China; increased popl.

Cotton

Produced by Indians, traded elsewhere

Spices

1.2: Originated in Southeast asia, (cinnamon and pepper)

Paper & Printing

Date from the early 2nd century, originated in China, revolutionized communication and record-keeping.

Mathematics

Gupta Dynasty: concept of zero developed, Arabic numbers, increased accuracy of calculations

Tea

Asian luxury good that became European culture

Gunpowder

Chinese invention that spread west, increased quality of European weaponary

Vasco da Gama

porteguese sailor; 1498: first European to reach the Indian Ocean

Colonization of Phillipines

1565: Spain colonizers Phillipines

Conquest of Columbus

1492: Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas.

Mercantilism

The idea that all profits in colonies goes to the mother country

Ottoman Conquest of Constantipole

1493: Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople, end of the Byzantine Empire; muslism versus Christians, Christians win, trade routes opened up

Great Dying

Columbian Exchange

transfer of diseases, plants, animals in Atlantic Ocean; helped Europeans grow $

Encomienda

Native American slaves enslaved by Spanish colonists

Atlantic System

trade system b/w North America, Europe & Africa

Middle Passage

The journey of slaves from Africa to North America; lasted several months, millions died on ship (Early Modern)

Voyage of Vasco De Gama

1498: First European voyage to reach the Indian Ocean, led by Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama (Early Modern)

Virgin of Guadalupe

Emerged 1500s: Religious Syncretism of Azetc & Spanish religions (Early Modern)

Pueblo Revolt

1680: Native Americans that rebelled against Spanish colonists (Early-Modern)

Casta System

Social hierarchy in Spanish based on race & mixed (Early-Modern)

Inquisition

Catholic Churches aimed to combat heresey (Early-Modern)

Stono Rebellion

1739: Slave rebellion in South Carolina; failed (Early-Modern)

Indian Ocean Trade

A vast network of sea routes connecting East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures (Early Modern)

Joint-stock companies

Britsh and Dutch private trading companies; more power than public-owned

Mercantilism

European economic theory: colonies should export more than import

Renaissance

14th to 17th c.: artistic and literary golden age

Southernization

Spread of South-asian technology; contributed to rise of west (Early Modern)

Westernization

Spread of western (United States, European) culture

American food crops

New crops from America (Maize, cassava, potato), increased popl. In Europe

Casta System

Race-based social hierarchy in Spanish colonial America 

Single Whip Tax Reform

1570s: All taxes were to be paid in silver in China

Global Silver Trade

15th- 18th c.: Silver found by Spanish, mined in America, shipped globally

Islamic gunpowder empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Devshirme

Recruitment of boys from Christians to serve as slave soildiers (by Ottoman)

Jizya

tax for non-muslims

Confucianism

moral theory by Manuchu that encourages social harmony

Mandate of Heaven

Qing Dynasty: justified dynasties

Peter the Great

Tsar that westernized Russia

Period 3 Trends

Urbanization, spread of Islam, syncretism & migration

Period 4 Trends

Increased global trade, atlantic trade system, imperial expansion, coerced labor

Period 4 Empires

Ottoman, Mughal, Ming & Qing

Absolute Monarchy

gov.t where all power resides in a single ruler

John Locke

founding enlightment thinker from Britiain; developed natural rights theory

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

written by 3rd estate, Outlined complaints, pointed to natural laws

Napoleon Bonaparte

military leader to emperor of Post-Revolution France

Saint Domingue

richest colony in the world, produced cash crops, majority popl. slaves

French Revolution

1789-1799:Overthrow of absolute monarchy & new govt. in Europe

Toussaint L’Ouverture

former slavery to leader of Haitian Revolution

Steam Engine

1712-1781: steam to power machines

Creoles

Native-born elites of European ancestry; lower social class than pennisulares

Textile Mill

Turned raw cotton into finished goods; young women paid less

Wage Labor

Hourly pay rate; women & children paid less

Cult of Domesticity

Middle-class women meant to assume household roles

Industrial Working Class

Manual workers in mines, ports, factories

Karl Marx

German philosopher that developed Marxism and promoted communism

Canal, railroads, steamships, telegraphs

Caused an increase of communication and transportation

Socialism

economic system which the means of production are distributed

Social Darwinism

“Survival of the fittest”

Divide and rule

Tactic used by euro. imperialists to promote 1 group over another

Berlin Conference

1884: meeting on how european nations would split Africa

Scramble for Africa

1875-1900: rapid conquest & colonization of Africa by Euro.

Panama Canal

U.S. took over surrounding territory & construction

Canton System

only port in China open to European trade

Opium Wars

Chinese defeat to British due to British trading addictive drug Opium to Chinese

Spheres of Influence

British, France, Germany, Russia & Japan took advantage of China after O.P. war

Treaty of Nanjing

1842: China forced to open 5 ports

Meiji Restoration

1868: rapid, state-sponsred industralization of Japan

100 Days Reform

1898: modernization of China

Tanzimat Reforms

1839: Ottoman westernization

Anglo-Zuku War

1886: British defeat Zuku w/ industrialized tech

Battle of Adowa

1896: Ethopians defeat Italians to secure sovereignty

Boxer Rebellion

1900: Chinese saught to kill all europeans & chinese christians

Sepoy rebellion

1857: Indian soldiers for Brit rebel due to cultural disrespect → full Brit control of India

Guerrilla Warfare

Relies on knowledge of local area to attack

Ethnic enclave

migrants making their own community

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882: quota not allowing Chinese immigrants in the U.S.

White Australia Policy

1901: quota that did not allow non-Europeans into Australia

MAIN causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Colonial particpation

millions of men from france & british colonies faught in WWI

WWI military tech

Poison gas, tanks, barbed wire

Total War

Warfare that included civilians & infrastructure

Trend warfare

type of land warfare with lines of military trenches

Collaspe of empires (after WWI)

Ottoman, Austria-Hungray, Germany, Russia

League of Nations

international organization (established after WWI) to administer peace

Treaty of Versailles

1919: signed to end WWI, G.R. forced to pay $$ & give up land

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese imperial plan for consolidating E & SE Asia under control during WWII

Totalitarianism

political system in which states recognizes no limits to its authority

Nanjing Massacre

1937: mass murder of rape of Chinese capital by Japanese troops

Cold War

Conflict b/w USSR & U.S. over communism vs capitalism

Proxy war

USSR & U.S. provided aid to nations that aligned with communism/capitalism

Chinese Communist Party

1930s: Leader = Mao Zedong, supportd by chinese peasants & women

Cultural Revolution

1966: goal to preserve communist ideology by erasing tradition → econ decrease

Great Leap Forward

↑ industralization & collectivtization → famine

Truman Doctrine

1947: President Harry Truman → world divided: free (capitalist) enslaved (communist)

Collectivization

Individually owned land → owned by govt. used for agriculture

Five-Year Plan

Industralization in the USSR over a 5 year span

Joseph Stalin

dictator of the USSR