physical processes - MCAT

Vectors and scalars Translational motion Force and Newton’s laws of motions Vector analysis and forces acting on an object Work and energy Fluids at rest Fluids in motion Gas phase Kinetic molecular theory of gases Electrostatics Current and resistance Capacitors Magnetism Electrochemistry Sound Light and electromagnetic radiation IR and UV/Vis Spectroscopy 1H-NMR Thin lenses Spherical mirrors Reflection and refraction Atomic nucleus Electronic structure Periodic table Stoichiometry Balancing chemical equations Redox reactions

Newton’s laws of motion

First law - Inertia: Resting objects remain at rest & moving objects remain moving at constant speed in straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Second law: F = ma

Third law: Every action (force) has equal & opposite reaction

Work

Transfer of energy, force over a distance

W = Fd cos

Centripetal force

force required to keep object in circular motion, F_c = mv² / r

• not a “new force”; is produced by existing force (eg. weight, friction, tension, etc.)

Pressure

Force (applied perpendicularly) over an area

P = F/A

SI unit: Pascal, Pa = N/m²

Atmospheric pressure

101.325 kPa

Density

How tightly mass is packed into a given space

ρ = m / V

(ρ = rho)

Continuity equation

Conservation of mass applied to fluids

ρ₁A₁v₁ = ρ₂A₂v₂ // if density doesn’t change you can ignore ρ

A = Area of pipe cross section

v = velocity of fluid

Bernoulli’s equation

Conservation of energy for fluids

P₁ + ρgh₁ + ½ρv₁² = P₂ + ρgh₂ + ½ρv₂²

Poiseuille’s Law / Hagan-Poiseuille equation

models volumetric flow rate of a viscous liquid through a pipe

V/t = ΔPπR⁴ / 8ηL

V/t = Volume / time = Q = volumetric flow rate

ΔP = change in pressure

R = radius of pipe

η = viscosity

L = length of pipe

Venturi effect

If u got a liquid flowing through a pipe, if pipe is constricted then fluid moves faster and pressure decreases

• pressure = pressure on pipe walls