Chamberlain University BIOS 251 Exam 3

Define Bone Remodeling

The process of mature bone adding and removing from the thickness of bone

What are the four stages of bone repair?

1. Hematoma formation

2. Soft callus formation

3. Hard callus formation

4. Bone remodeling

What are the known functions of the skeletal system?

Provides support

Protects the internal organs

Assists with body movement

Calcium homeostasis

Participates in blood cell production

Stores triglycerides

What type of bone is the pelvic bones?

Irregular

What type of bone is the ribs?

Flat

What type of bone is the metacarpal bones?

Long

What type of bone is the humerus?

Long

What type of bone is the carpal bones?

Short

What type of bone is the clavicle?

Long

What type of bone is the sternum?

Flat

What type of bone is the vertebrae?

Irregular

What type of bone is the fibula?

Long

The outer covering of bone that helps regulate bone thickness is known as the _________.

Periosteum

The two ends of a long bone are known as the ______.

Epiphysis

What occurs during endochondral ossification?

Calcification

Cartilage is replaced by bone

What is NOT a true statement regarding the epiphyseal plate closure?

Osteoblasts are replaced by chondrocytes.

Functions of the skin

Protection

Excretion

Detects touch

Maintains the body temperature

Synthesizes vitamin D

Stores lipids

The shaft of the long bone is known as ______.

Diaphysis

What can cause bones to become weak, fragile, and porous?

Prolonged period of inactivity

Define the movement of the synarthrotic joint

Immovable joint

Define the movement of the amphiarthrotic joint

Slightly movable joint

Define the movement of the diarthrotic joint

Freely movable joint

What is thin skin?

Covers MOST of the body

Has FOUR layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis

What is thick skin?

Truly HAIRLESS skin

Covers the palms and soles of the feet

Has FIVE layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis

What are the five layers of keratinocytes from deepest to surface layer?

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

Hair growth cycle phases

Anagen (active growth phase)

Catagen (transition phase)

Telogen (resting phase)

Three layers of hair

Medulla (innermost layer)

Cortex (middle layer: provides strength, color, and texture)

Cuticle (thin outer layer: protects the cortex)

Name the 3 layers that make up the skin in their proper order.

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

What is NOT an accessory structure of the skin?

Arrector pili muscle

Describe the epidermis

Thin outer layer. Thicker at palms and soles. Contains keratin to make skin tough

Describe the dermis

Thick inner layer. Contains collagen to strengthen the skin. Origin of exocrine glands.

Describe the hypodermis

Layer of loose connective tissue below the dermis; also called the subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia; important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues; dominated by adipose tissue.

Define osteogenesis

Bone formation

What is a TRUE statement regarding bone REMODELING?

Mature bone adds and removes from the thickness of bone

Which layer of strata is NOT found in THIN skin?

Stratum lucidum

Describe keratinocytes

Most abundant cells of the epidermis

Produces a fibrous protein

Describe melanocytes

Accounts for the variations of hair color

Protects the skin from UV damage

What is a structure that is NOT found in hair?

Lunule

What is NOT a function of the sebaceous glands?

Cooling the skin

What accounts for the strength and resilience of the dermis?

Collagen fibers

What accounts for the stretch and recoil properties of the dermis?

Elastic fibers

What is NOT found in the DERMIS of the skin?

Keratinocytes

What is the duration of time for each phase of hair growth?

Growth phase: Several years

Transition phase: Several weeks

Resting phase: Several months

What are the six types of bone based on shape?

Long

Short

Irregular

Sesamoid

Flat

Sutural

What are the projections or elevations in bones?

Process

Ramus

What are the general features of bones?

Epiphysis: the two ends of long bones

Diaphysis: the shaft

Medullary Cavity: hollow space within the diaphysis

Endosteum: membrane lining the medullary cavity

Periosteum: connective tissue covering the bone; helps regulate bone thickness

What are the depressions or holes in bones?

Meatus

Fossa

Foramen

Fissure

Define osteoprogenitor cells

Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts

Define osteoblasts

Bone forming/building cells

Lays down the bone matrix

Define osteoclasts

Dissolves and reabsorbs the bone matrix

Define osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Maintains the bone matrix

What is an amphiarthrotic joint that is bound by fibrocartilage?

Symphysis

Define ossification

The process of replacing other tissues with bone

Includes calcification

Process of depositing calcium into bone tissue

Define endochondral ossification

Formation of new bone during development

Replaces cartilage with bone

Includes calcification

Are the bones of the skull part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial

Is pelvic girdle part of axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

Is the vertebrae a part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial

Is the hyoid bone part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial

Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

Are the auditory ossicles part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial

Is the scapula part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle

Scapula

Is the pectoral girdle part of the axial or the appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

When standing in the anatomical position, which of the following bones are on the MEDIAL side of the body?

Ulna

Tibia

Is the talus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

Is the sphenoid part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial

Is the sacrum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Sacrum

What is the number of bones in the carpal, metacarpal, and phalanges?

Carpal: 8

Metacarpal: 5

Phalanges: 14

What is the number of bones in the tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges?

Tarsal: 7

Metatarsal: 5

Phalanges: 14

The fusion of the temporal and zygomatic bones make up the ________.

Zygomatic arch

The fusion of the maxilla and palatine bones make up the _________.

Hard palate

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents hyperextension of the ________.

Knee joint

Describe the following bones:

Femur

Tibia

Talus

Femur: largest bone in the body

Tibia: weight bearing bone of the lower leg

Talus: largest tarsal bone

Define fibrous joints

Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

Define cartilaginous joints

Bones held together by cartilage

Define synovial joints

Bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue AND contains a synovial cavity

Describe the following hip bones:

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Ilium: articulate with the sacrum

Ischium: supports your weight when sitting down

Pubis: joins at the pubic symphysis

What does minisci do?

absorbs shock and pressure

The presence of a synovial cavity makes a joint ______.

Freely moveable

What does fat pads?

protects articular cartilage

What does tendons and ligaments do?

Supports and strengthens

What does bursae do?

cushion areas between tendons/ligaments and other tissues

Describe the shoulder joint

Structural type: synovial ball-and-socket joint

Functional type: diarthrosis, multiaxial

Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Stabilizing features: coracohumeral and glenohumeral ligaments support the weight of the upper limb

Describe the hip joint

Structural type: synovial ball-and-socket joint

Functional type: diarthrotic, multiaxial

Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Stabilizing features: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments prevent hip extension and provide stability in the lateral plane

Describe the knee joint

Structural type: synovial hinge joint

Function type: diarthrotic, biaxial

Movements: flexion and extension

Stabilizing features: anterior cruciate ligament prevents hyperextension; posterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior-posterior displacement

What are the STRUCTURAL classifications of a joint?

Cartilaginous

Fibrous

Synovial

What are the FUNCTIONAL classifications of a joint?

Synarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis

Diarthrosis

Match the immovable joint with the tissue that binds them together.

Sutures

Gomphosis

Synchondrosis

Sutures: dense connective tissue

Gomphosis: periodontal ligament

Synchondrosis: cartilage

Which of the synovial joints has the greatest mobility?

Multiaxial

Match the angular movement with the correct description.

Adduction

Abduction

Adduction: movement toward the longitudinal axis

Abduction: movement away from the longitudinal axis

Match the angular movement with the correct description.

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Elevation

Depression

Flexion: movement in the anterior-posterior plane

Extension: movement in the anterior-posterior plane

Abduction: movement in the frontal plane

Adduction: movement in the frontal plane

Elevation: movement in the frontal plane

Depression: movement in the frontal plane

What are the movement involved in walking?

Flexion

Extension

What movement(s) do NOT occur in at the mandibular joint?

Rotation

Describe the elbow joint

Structural type: synovial hinge joint

Functional type: diarthrotic, uniaxial

Movements: flexion, extension

Stabilizing features: ulnar and radial collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movement