1 - Fungi

mycology

the study of fungi

mycologist

person who studies fungi

• saprophytic fungi

• parasitic fungi

• beneficial fungi

types of fungi based on how they’re seen in the environment

saprophytic fungi

these fungi decompose the materials into absorbable nutrients.

garbage disposers / recyclers

what do you call saprophytic fungi?

saprophytic fungi

type of fungi that are living on organic matter in water and soil, and others.

dead and decaying organic matter

what is the main food of saprophytic fungi

parasitic fungi

type of fungi that is the main concern of healthcare practitioners

parasitic fungi

type of fungi that live on and within animals and plants.

parasitic fungi

type of fungi which some are harmful, whereas others are beneficial.

• shiitake mushrooms

• blue cheese

• truffle

examples of fungi that are delicious

chitin (polysaccharide)

cell wall content of fungi

reproduction

function of spores in fungi

unicellular fungi

type of fungi that can perform all the activities efficiently on its own

asexual (budding)

what is the reproduction of unicellular fungi

pseudohyphae

chains of easily disrupted fungal cells marked by constrictions rather than septa at the junctions

yeast

example of unicellular fungi

mold

example of multicellular fungi

hyphae

are elongated, tubular filaments that contain the organelles and nucleus of the fungi

extracellular digestion

what type of digestion does hyphae perform

mycelium

a branched network of hyphae

asexual and sexual

reproduction of multicellular fungi

• plasmogamy

• heterokaryotic stage

• karyogamy

• meiosis

• germination

• mycelium

steps of the sexual reproduction

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

• septate hyphae

• aseptate hyphae

types of hyphae

septate hyphae

contains septa, which are cross walls that divide the hypha into cells

aseptate hyphae

type of hyphae without septum

septum

cross walls that divide the hypha into cells

simple cell division or mitosis

how are asexual spores produced

fusion of two gametes

how are sexual spores produced

conidia

other name of asexual spores

ascospores

sexually produced via meiosis

yeasts

eukaryotic single-celled (unicellular) organisms that lack mycelia

budding (asexual)

how is yeasts reproduced

• wine

• beer

• alcoholic beverages

• soil

• water

• skin of fruits and vegetables

where is yeast found?

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Candida albicans

common examples of yeasts

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

fungi that ferment sugar to alcohol

simple sugars to carbon dioxide and water

what does Saccharomyces cerevisiae break down?

Candida albicans

an opportunistic yeast that lives harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, GIT and GUT

• skin

• mucous membrane of the mouth, GIT, and GUT

where does Candida albicans live harmlessly?

molds

fungi often seen in water and soil and on food

• aerial hyphae

• vegetative hyphae

two types of hyphae based on how they grow

aerial hyphae

type of hyphae that extend above the surface of whatever the mold is growing on

vegetative hyphae

type of hyphae that grows beneath

Penicillium

example of molds

penicillin

antibiotic for Penicillium

dimorphic fungi

fungi that can live either as yeasts or as molds

• body temp (37°C) - yeasts

• room temp (25°C) - molds

what temperature can dimorphic fungi become yeasts and molds?

• Histoplasma capsulatum

• Sporothrix schenckii

• Cryptococcus neoformans

examples of dimorphic fungi

histoplasmosis (lung infection)

disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum

curse of Tutankhamun

other name for histoplasmosis

• bats

• birds

• caves

where is Histoplasma capsulatum from

rose gardener’s disease

disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii

pigeons

where is Cryptococcus neoformans from?

fleshy fungi

fungi that is commonly encountered in forests

mushrooms

example of fleshy fungi

mushrooms

a class of true fungi consists of network of filaments (mycelium) that grow in the soil

mycology

study of fungi

medical mycology

specific study of fungi that can causes disease

mycoses

infection to fungus

• direct skin contact

• indirect contact through fomites

• inhalation of fungal spores

major modes of transmission of fungi

• tissue damage results from direct invasion of tissue - displacement and destruction of vital structures + toxic effects of inflammatory response

• invasion - mechanical destruction of tissue and obstruction of flow of fluids due to masses of fungal cells - bronchi in lungs, ureters, blood vessels

fungi’s general mechanism of causing human disease

• yeasts

• molds

• dimorphic fungi

• fleshy fungi

what are the classifications of fungi

• superficial mycoses

• deep mycoses

classification of fungal diseases

superficial mycoses

affects the outermost areas of the human body

• hair

• fingernails

• toenails

• epidermis

• dermis

what parts of the body does the superficial mycoses affect?

molds

what classification of fungi causes superficial mycoses?

• pityriasis versicolor / tinea versicolor

• tinea infections / dermatophytoses / ringworm infections

common superficial mycoses

Malassezia furfur

fungi of tinea versicolor

spaghetti and meatballs

how does Malassezia furfur look?

tinea versicolor / pityriasis versicolor

Hypo or hyperpigmentation on the skin

• dermatophytes

• Trichophyton sp.

fungi of tinea infections

tinea infections

Circular, raised, skin lesions that may appear like a worm lay coiled beneath the skin surface

• Tinea capitis

• Tinea barbae

• Tinea pedis

• Tinea mannum

• Tinea corporis

• Tinea faciei

• Tinea cruris

• Tinea unguium

types of tinea infections

tinea capitis

ringworm or herpes tonsurans

head

tinea capitis location

tinea barbae

barber’s itch

beard area

tinea barbae location

tinea pedis

athlete’s foot

in between the toes

tinea pedis location

tinea mannum

hand ringworm

hands (dorsum)

tinea mannum location

tinea corporis

body ringworm

• trunk

• back

• abdomen

tinea corporis location

tinea faciei

facial ringworm

face

tinea faciei location

tinea cruris

jock itch

inguinal region

tinea cruris location

onychomycosis

other name for tinea unguium

nails

tinea unguium location

• direct skin contact with infected person

• indirect contact with fomites

mot for superficial mycoses

• topical antifungal agents

• use clean towel daily and avoid sharing

• skin area and skin folds should be dried thoroughly

• use loose, cotton clothing

mgt and prevention of superficial mycoses

• subcutaneous mycoses

• deep mycoses

types of deep mycoses

• sporotrichosis

• mycetoma

examples of subcutaneous mycoses

subcutaneous mycoses

more severe than superficial mycoses

subcutaneous mycoses

Involves the tissues underlying the dermis

grotesque

appearance of subcutaneous mycoses

rose gardener’s disease

other name of sporotrichosis

Sporothrix schenckii

fungi of sporotrichosis