Cellualr Regulation NUR 114 Exam 3

Sensory

What is a cataract?

A lens opacity (clouding) that interferes with light transmission to the retina.

What are common causes of cataracts?

Age-related factors, trauma, long term sun exposure, exposure to toxins, and other health conditions.

Name three signs and symptoms of cataracts.

Blurred vision, decreased color perception, and difficulty seeing at night.

What are some risk factors for cataracts?

Age, genetics, lifestyle factors such as heavy UV exposure, smoking, and heavy alcohol use.

What is the primary diagnostic tool for cataracts?

Eye examination using Snellen and Rosenbaum charts.

What are the two primary surgical interventions for cataracts?

Phacoemulsification (Phaco) and Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE).

What should clients do if they experience yellow/green eye drainage after cataract surgery?

They should call their healthcare provider.

What type of glaucoma involves gradual increases in eye pressure?

Open-angle glaucoma.

What is the medical emergency type of glaucoma?

Angle-closure glaucoma.

List two signs and symptoms of open-angle glaucoma.

Mild eye aches and loss of peripheral vision.

What methods are used for glaucoma diagnostics?

Eye exam using ophthalmoscopy and IOP measurement using tonometry.

What is an important teaching point for patients using eye drops for glaucoma?

Importance of teaching punctal occlusion.

What are the two types of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Dry AMD and wet AMD.

How does dry AMD affect vision?

It causes gradual loss of central vision due to slow blockage of retinal capillaries.

What are common signs and symptoms of AMD?

Blurred vision, blind spots in central vision, and difficulty recognizing faces.

What demographic is at higher risk for AMD?

Individuals over 55 years of age, especially white females.

What type of therapy is used to treat wet AMD?

Laser therapy and ocular injections to inhibit blood vessel growth.

What is a major nursing consideration when caring for patients with cataracts, glaucoma, or AMD?

Safety and prevention of falls.

What can cause a corneal abrasion?

A foreign body, trauma, or contact lens use.

What are the signs and symptoms of a corneal abrasion?

Pain, reduced vision, and photophobia.

What is retinal detachment?

Separation of the retina from the epithelium.

What are the signs and symptoms of retinal detachment?

Painless photopsia and floaters.

What is the treatment for penetrating eye injuries?

Usually requires surgery due to risk of permanent vision loss.

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A disorder of the peripheral nervous system affecting nerve information transmission.

What are some causes of peripheral neuropathy?

Trauma/injury, infections, metabolic problems, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to toxins.

What lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy?

Managing blood glucose and maintaining a healthy diet with adequate vitamin B12.

List two signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.

Numbness and increased sensitivity to touch.

What diagnostic tests might be used for peripheral neuropathy?

EMG, CBC, thyroid function tests, and nerve biopsy.

What pharmacological treatments are available for peripheral neuropathy?

Antidepressants like amitriptyline, and anticonvulsants like pregabalin.

Why is positioning important after retinal detachment surgery?

To ensure the retina is held in place correctly by the oil/gas bubble.

What should patients with cataracts avoid after surgery?

Activities that increase intraocular pressure (IOP).

What is the significance of color vision changes in cataract patients?

Decreased color perception can be an early symptom of cataracts.

How does smoking relate to cataract development?

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for developing cataracts.

What type of glaucoma can result from prolonged steroid use?

Secondary glaucoma.

What are signs of angle-closure glaucoma?

Severe eye pain and seeing rainbow-colored rings around lights.

What type of testing can help identify leaks in retinal blood vessels for AMD?

IV fluorescein angiography.

What can help AMD patients maintain vision?

Maximizing remaining vision and monitoring vision changes.

What are the common etiologies of cataracts?

Age-related changes, genetic predisposition, prolonged UV exposure, diabetes, and chronic steroid use.

What is the pathophysiology of glaucoma?

Increased intraocular pressure due to impaired aqueous humor drainage leads to optic nerve damage and visual field loss.

What are the major risk factors for macular degeneration?

Age over 55, smoking, family history, obesity, and high blood pressure.

How can cataracts be prevented?

Wearing UV protective eyewear, maintaining a healthy diet, managing risk factors like diabetes, and avoiding smoking.

What are complications of untreated glaucoma?

Permanent vision loss or blindness due to optic nerve damage.

What are common clinical manifestations of macular degeneration?

Blurred or distorted central vision, difficulty recognizing faces, and blind spots.

What diagnostic tests are used for cataracts?

Slit-lamp examination and visual acuity tests.

How do you diagnose acute glaucoma?

Tonometry to measure intraocular pressure and assessment of ocular anatomy.

What collaborative care approaches are used for peripheral neuropathy?

Pain management, physical therapy, and education on glucose control.

What nursing considerations are important for patients with eye injuries?

Assess for foreign bodies, monitor for infection, and provide appropriate pain relief.

What is vital to teach clients about managing glaucoma?

Importance of adhering to prescribed eye drop regimen and regular eye exams.

How can you evaluate the effectiveness of education for cataract patients?

Assess understanding through teach-back methods, monitor adherence to safety measures post-surgery.

Compare the pathophysiology of cataracts and macular degeneration.

Cataracts result from lens opacification while macular degeneration involves retinal damage affecting central vision.

Contrast open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma.

Open-angle glaucoma has a gradual onset and does not show symptoms until advanced; angle-closure glaucoma has sudden onset and is a medical emergency.

What are common signs of corneal abrasion?

Sharp eye pain, tearing, redness, and sensitivity to light.

What complications can arise from retinal detachment?

Permanent vision loss and increased risk of subsequent detachments if untreated.

What are the primary interventions for managing eye trauma?

Immediate stabilization of the eye, referral to an ophthalmologist, and pain management.