HY 102 John Beeler Final Exam

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)

British writer and poet. His poem "The White Man's Burden" became a popular justification for European imperialism.

Leopold II of Belgium

governor of the Congo Free State who authorized private companies to cruelly force villagers to collect rubber in the forest. This practice didn't allow for the villagers to grow food for themselves, and they were often killed or maimed if there was no more rubber. 10 million died.

Dual/Triple Alliance (1879-1918)

Russia is kicked out of the league, and only Germany and Austria-Hungary remain in the alliance. Italy is later included in the alliance and it later becomes the Triple Alliance.

Wilhelm II

Leader of Germany in WW1. Fires Bismark because he won't fight France; Believes that his military and army is the best and that his can beat other European powers; Won't renew peace treaty with Russia: Russia sides with France because of this; Becomes rivals with the British navy.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History". If you wanna be a world power, gotta be an empire. If you want to be an empire, have to have a navy.

Alfred von Schlieffen

German who concocted the plan of "France for breakfast, Russia for dinner". A two front war.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

The Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)

passed in order to control communications, the nation's ports and subject civilians to the rule of military courts. It was amended six times during the course of the war, eventually being used for everything from banning narcotics to censoring the press. UK

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)

French leader at Versailles whose agenda was irreconcilable with Wilson, wanting to punish the Central Powers and permanently cripple the war making potential of Germany.

Paul von Hindenburg

(1847-1934) President of Weimar Germany, who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933; formerly a general in World War I.

Erich Ludendorff

This German, along with his partner Hindenburg, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war

Douglas Haig

was a British soldier and senior commander (field marshal) during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. Most notably he was commander during the Battle of the Somme, the 3rd Battle of Ypres and the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918.

Battle of Verdun (1916)

A long-lasting battle between the Germans and the French. The French won, but lost a lot of soldiers.

Gallipoli

A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.

Lusitania (1915)

was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.

Convoying

What the navy began doing to British ships in midsummer of 1941 with orders to destroy enemy vessels if necessary to protect the shipments.. Escorting ships for protection

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. Created the Soviet Union

Woodrow Wilson

Southern-born intellectual who pursued strong moral goals in politics and the presidency, won the election of 1912, super racist.

Constitutional Democrats

New political party with support from rising professional and business class with some support also from enterprising landowners. They formed the liberal segment of public opinion, a.k.a. CADETS. Many of these were active in provincial zemstvos. Really more interested in politics, and policy than in conditions of the workers. (middle class liberals)

Socialist Revolutionaries

populists. Largest radical group. Believed the peasants would one day overthrow the tsar and only revolution could bring reform. educated middle class.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Rasputin

Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues.

"Peace, Bread, and Land"

Lenin's slogan in the Revolution. Peace from the war; Land for the peasants; Food for all.

Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

A leader who had planned the 1917 takeover and formed the Red Army. "Permanent revolution" -Socialism in the Soviet Union could only succeed if rev. quickly spread throughout Europe. Defeated by Stalin, who eventually killed him and rose to power. More radical than Lenin

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Josef Stalin (1929-1953)

Soviet Union Communist Leader, makes the Soviet Union a powerful nation through collectivization and five year plans. Kills or exiles those who challenge him (the great purges)

First Five Year Plan (1928-1932)

Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry. Sets out road map for exactly what is going to be done. Forced 20 million civilians to move from rural agricultural. Steel and coal production, huge economic development.

The Purges (1933-38)

Stalin begins purging the Red Army, those who competed against him, and anyone else who defies him. He is rounding up "opponents", random people even those that didn't publicly criticize the regime.

All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)

A novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Fascism vs. Communism

Fascism is a form of government that focuses on race or religion and is ruled by a dictator and communism is a form of government that believes that everyone is equal in all aspects of life and that no one is better then anyone else even thought communists are also ruled by a dictator.

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

The founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party.

Mein Kompf (My Struggle)

in Hitler's one year in prison, he wrote this book which summarizes his major beliefs and what he plans to do when in power.

Untermensch

a person considered racially or socially inferior. not of aryan race.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Enabling Act 1933

Restricted freedom, eliminated privacy (communication) and the need for warrants, banned all parties but the Nazi Party, and allowed the chancellor (Hitler) to make decisions without the Reichstag's approval.

Gestapo

Hitler's secret police

Civil Service Law (1933)

Civil servants who were not of "Aryan descent" as well as opponents of the Nazi regime or not a war hero were forced to retire from the civil service. Jews and political opponents could not serve as teachers, professors, judges/other government positions. later similar law for lawyers, doctors, tax consultants, and notaries.

Night of the Long Knives (1934)

Hitler decides that SA is too out of control and hires more professional personal bodyguards (SS) to kill/imprison 700 leaders of SA

Schutz Staffel

An elite paramilitary group initially responsible for security at Nazi Party meetings, they became the main security unit for Hitler and were responsible for most of the human rights abuses carried out by the Nazi's. They were held up as the primary example of Aryan superiority as members had to fit the Aryan racial profile.

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Kristallnacht (1938)

"the night of broken glass" where the nazis went destroying synagogues and jewish shops and homes

Washington Conference (1921-1922)

Meeting of world powers that resulted in agreements that limited naval arms, reaffirmed America's Open Door policy that kept Chinese trade open to all, and secured pledges of cooperation among the world's leading military powers

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

a multi-nation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war.

Rhineland 1936

taken from Germany in Versailles Treaty; France does not want it so it becomes demilitarized zone; Hitler marches into the Rhineland and reacquires the Rhineland

Sudentenland Crisis

Neville Chamberlain (Britain) sells Czech to Hitler, claims he brought back peace and Hitler claimed it was to unite the German people, and then comes in and takes the whole western half and can't defend themselves.

The "Polish Corridor" 1939

A strip of German territory awarded to newly independent Poland by the Treaty of Versailles. It was 20-70 meters wide and gave Poland access to the Baltic Sea and separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. Although originally Polish, a large minority of the population was German-speaking, an the entire situation caused friction between Poland and Germany, ultimately culminating in the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and World War II.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Hitler and Joseph Stalin agreed not to attack each other but divided Poland for an easy win, but Germany didn't keep true to their word and attacked Stalin later

Blitzkreig

"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Winston Churchhill (1874-1965)

British statesman, orator, and author who as prime minister (1940-45, 1951-55) rallied the British people during World War II and led his country from the brink of defeat to victory.

Operation Barbarossa (1941)

German invasion of Russia. This caused a two front war for Germany and led to their downfall.

Pearl Harbor, 1941

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Battle of Midway (1942)

In this battle the US destroyed Japanese aircraft carriers and ended Japanese offensive in the Pacific Theater; turning point

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Nagasaki

Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.

Karl Pearson

A figure associated with the growth of Social Darwinism and Eugenics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Charles Darwin

English biologist who shows that species adapt to their
environments - this is the theory of evolution

Social Darwinism

Argues that there are better and inferior individuals
within one race/civilization

The Blank Check

Germany's response to Austrians desire to attack the Serbian government saying that they will back them all the way.

The Battle of Marne

A counter attack where British and French succeeded in driving back Germans. This destroyed the German hope of a quick victory.

The ministry of munitions

Created by David Lloyd George. Goal was to decrease the price of war materials in Britain in response to a shortage in artillery shells and other war supplies.

War Socialism

Planned economics put into place by many European countries to produce enough materials to keep up the war effort

The Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Passchendaele

Failed British offensive aiming to secure Belgian ports

Article 231 (War Guilt Clause)

clause of the Treaty of Versailles that dealt the harshest punishment to Germany; placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany's shoulders; Germany had to pay severe reparations to the Allies; $32 billion

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Revolution of 1905

Nicholas II failed to fix the politcal, economic and social problems in Russia; result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

Social Democrats

German Party in late 1870s that were committed to a Marxist critique of capitalism and cooperation with other socialist parties internationally. Bismark saw them as threat to stability of Germany and outlawed the party, although candidates stood for election.

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

New Economic Policy

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration
succeeds in rebuilding Russia's economy

"Building Socialism in One Country"

theory put forth by Josef Stalin

Collective Farms

Government owned farms, workers were paid by government and they shared profits from products.

Beer Hall Putsch

An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea

Jospeh Goebbels

Minister for propaganda, had total control of the German press and radio
-doggedly loyal to his fuhrer
-he and his wife committed suicide rather than surrender

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Anschluss

Union of Austria and Germany

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Herbert Spencer

A key thinker linked to Social Darwinism, applying Darwinian evolutionary theory to human societies and the "New" Imperialism

Louis Pasteur

A scientist central to the origins of modern medicine and urban sanitation during the emergence of modern industrial society

Ignaz Semmelweiss

A medical pioneer whose work contributed to the development of modern medicine and improved public health standards

Robert Koch

A major figure in the 19th-century Revolution in Medicine, working alongside others to advance the understanding of disease and sanitation

Galapagos Islands

The location associated with Charles Darwin and the development of the Theory of Evolution

The Opium Wars

Conflicts that occurred during the era of European expansion into Asia, representing a key component of the "New" Imperialism.

Alsace-Lorraine

A territory central to European tensions following the Franco-German War (1870-1871). It was a primary driver of French "Revanchism" (the desire for revenge) and remained a major flashpoint on the path to World War I.