BIOTECH

SCNT

A method used to clone an entire organism

Molecular Cloning

A method used to produce a specific protein encoded by a specific gene

Gel Electrophoresis

Separates DNA fragments based on size

CRISPR

A tool used to target gene edits utilizing mRNA and bacterial DNA enzymes

In gel electrophoresis of DNA, the different bands in the final gel form because the DNA molecules ________.

have different lengths

 

Which of the following is not one of the steps of cloning a gene?

Inject into humans for treatment

In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from ________.

a body cell

 

How does reproductive cloning use somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) work?

 By transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an enucleated egg

 

In molecular cloning, what is the purpose of inserting the target gene into a bacterial plasmid?

To replicate the target gene in bacteria

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

a plasmid

Which component of the CRISPR system is responsible for cleaving the target DNA?

a Cas9 protein

 

What is the genetic relationship between the clone and the donor of the adult cell in reproductive cloning?

They are genetically identical

 

What is the main purpose of gel electrophoresis in molecular biology experiments?

To separate DNA fragments based on size

What is one of the functions of CRISPR?

Targeting specific DNA sequences

change in allele frequency of a population over time

evolution

Which of the following is a requirement for natural selection to occur?

variation within a population

In a population of rabbits, individuals with lighter fur coloration are more likely to be predated upon due to their reduced camouflage in their environment. Over time, the frequency of lighter fur alleles decreases. What mechanism of evolution is at play here?

natural selection

“Survival of the fittest,” or the reproductive advantage in individuals who inherit traits that help it adapt to a changing environment was something Darwin called ________.

natural selection

What is the central process driving adaptation and change in living organisms?

natural selection

What is the primary focus of sexual selection?

improving reproductive success

Which of the following mechanisms of evolution involves the random change in allele frequencies due to chance events, such as the sampling error in small populations?

genetic drift

Which of the following is an example of divergent evolution?

vertebrate forelimbs

What is the most accurate way to explain the relationship between antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

Bacteria with alleles that confer antibiotic resistance are most likely to survive when exposed to antibiotics.

What distinguishes allopatric speciation from sympatric speciation?

geographic isolation

Which mechanism of evolution involves the movement of alleles between populations, potentially introducing new genetic variation?

gene flow

selection of a trait that increases an individual's chance of mating even if that trait decreases the individual's chance of survival

sexual selection

how well a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment

fitness

group of populations that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

biological species concept

convergent evolution

similar structures evolve independently/ do not originate in a common ancestor

vestigial trait

structure with reduced function inherited from a common ancestor

vestigial trait

structure with reduced function inherited from a common ancestor

sympatric speciation

takes place in a single geographic

area

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

gene flow

Random mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation.

True

The theory of evolution states that:

organism populations can change physically over long periods of time

What is a key characteristic of divergent evolution?

homologous structures indicating common ancestry

Which of the following is a requirement for natural selection to occur?

variation within a population

which of the following is a key requirement for natural selection to occur?

variation within a population

"Survival of the fittest," or the reproductive advantage in individuals who inherit traits that help it adapt to a changing environment was something Darwin called …

natural selection

If a mutation occurs in a population, what is the primary source of genetic variation it introduces?

new alleles

In a population of butterflies, a sudden environmental catastrophe drastically reduces the population size, leading to a loss of genetic variation. What phenomenon does this scenario exemplify?

bottleneck effect

In the context of evolutionary fitness, what does "fit enough" mean?

having the highest reproductive success compared to others in the population

Domain Archaea

prokaryotic

Domain Bacteria

Prokaryotic

Protista (Domain Eukarya)

Eukaryotic

Animalia (Domain Eukarya)

eukaryotic

Based on the phylogenetic tree, is Domain Archaea more closely related to Domain Bacteria or Domain Eukarya?

Domain Eukarya

The domain of life that includes many extremophiles is

Domain Archaea

What is a phylogenetic tree?

It is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Which list is correct in descending classification (from largest to smallest grouping)?

kingdom, order, family, species

Which group of organisms consist of more than one cell

eukarya

Which of the following is the characteristic reproductive structure for angiosperm plants?

flower

The vast majority of animal species alive today belong to which major group?

invertebrates

Stems carry water through ________tissue and nutrients through _________tissue.

xylem, phloem

Stems carry water through ________tissue and nutrients through _________tissue.

xylem, phloem

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?

asexual reproduction

invertebrates

symmetrical body, brain and sensory organs, fluid-filled body cavity, segmented body

chordata

notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, tail

vertebrates

animals with backbone

amniotes

animals with eggs containing a shell, chorion, allantois, and amnion