Honors Bio semester 1 exam

Hypothesis

A testable explanation or prediction about a phenomenon.

Observation

The process of noting and recording something in the natural world.

Experiment

A procedure to test the hypothesis.

Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Experimental Group

The group that is exposed to the experimental treatment.

Data Collection

Gathering measurable information during the experiment.

Analysis

Interpreting the data and comparing results to the hypothesis.

Conclusion

Determining if the hypothesis was supported or refuted.

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other (e.g., surface tension).

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other substances (e.g., capillary action).

High Specific Heat

Water absorbs a lot of heat before changing temperature.

Universal Solvent

Water dissolves many substances due to its polarity.

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Active Transport

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient (requires energy).

Hypertonic Solution

More solute outside the cell, causing water to move out.

Hypotonic Solution

More solute inside the cell, causing water to move in.

Isotonic Solution

Equal solute concentration, leading to no net movement of water.

Mitosis

Process by which a single eukaryotic cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

Process by which a single diploid cell divides twice to produce four genetically diverse haploid cells.

Crossing-Over

Homologous chromosomes exchange segments during Prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.

Independent Assortment

Random alignment of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I, leading to genetic variation.

Cell Theory

Principles stating that all living things are made of cells, cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Carbon-Based Molecules

Compounds primarily comprised of carbon; major types include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Light Microscope

Uses visible light to magnify objects, viewing living cells up to 1000x magnification.

Electron Microscope

Uses electron beams for high magnification up to 500,000x.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive data (e.g., color, texture, appearance).

Quantitative Data

Numerical data (e.g., length, mass, temperature).

Nucleus

Contains DNA and is the control center of the cell.

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell, characterized by selective permeability.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that carries genetic information.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid; involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.

Photosynthesis

Process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.

Cellular Respiration

Process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy, producing carbon dioxide and water.