CHEM FINAL!!

Element definition

A pure substance made of atoms that have the same number of protons.

Compound definition

A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded in a fixed ratio.

How to round final calculation when multiplying/dividing measurements

Round your answer to the number of sig figs as the number with the least amount of sig figs.

How to round final calculation when adding/subtracting measurements

Round your answer to the same number of decimal places as the number with the least amount of decimal places.

Isotope definition

 atoms that are the same element but have different masses.

Def: group on the periodic table

column

Def: period on the periodic table

ROw

Alkali metal characteristics

Soft, reactive with water, not naturally found

Alkaline earth metal characteristics

Found in crust, found in living things (shells, bones)

Halogen location and characteristics

Colorful, poisonous, very reactive, group 17

Electronegativity def

The ability of an atom to gain/attract an electron

Ionization energy def

Energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Which elemtn has the greatest electronegativity?

Fluorine

Which elemtn has the greatest ionization energy?

Helium

Which elemtn has the greatest atomic radius?

Francium

Which elemtn has the greatest chemical reactivity?

Fluorine

Description of the Bohr model of the atom

Each electron is found in a specific energy level with a fixed amount of energy. When an electron in ground state absorbs a fixed amount of energy, it moves to an excited state at a higher energy level. As it relaxes back to ground state, it emits a photon of light.

Characteristics of ionic bonds

Transfers electrons

Good conductors

High melting points

Characteristics of covalent bonds

Shares electrons

Poor conductors

Low melting points

How to name an ionic compound

Name the metal first. Drop the ending on the non-metal and replace it with “ide”.

How to name a covalent compound

The first non-metal keeps its name. The second non-metal ends in “ide”. Use prefixes to denote the number of atoms.

How to name an acid with an element

the acid name starts with “hydro” and ends with “ic”.

How to name an acid when the anion is a compound

1. When the anion ends in “ite”, the acid name ends with “ous”.

2. When the anion ends in “ate”, the acid ends with “ic”.

Carbonate

CO₃^-2

Nitrate

NO₃^-1

Acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-1

Ammonium

NH₄⁺¹

Sulfate

SO₄^-2

Phosphate

PO₄^-3

Chlorate

ClO₃^-1