APES Unit 5 Review

Competition

organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter; limits pop. size

Predation

one organism using another for energy source (hunters, parasites) ( +, - )

Mutualism

relationship that benefits both organisms (coral reefs) ( +, + )

Commensalism

relationship that benefits one organism & doesn’t impact the other (birds nest in trees ) ( + , O )

Parasitism

relationship that benefits one organism and harms the other

Symbiosis

an close & long-term interaction between two organisms of diff. species

Resource Partitioning

diff. species using the same resource in diff. ways to reduce competition

• Temporal (time)

• Spatial (diff. areas of a shared habitat)

• Morphological (teeth, jaws, claws, etc.)

Inter- v. Intra-

Inter: between diff. species

Intra: between members of same species

Fundamental Niche

the full range of environmental conditions, resources, and habitats a species can theoretically occupy and utilize to survive and reproduce in the absence of interspecific competition or predation

Realized niche

the actual set of environmental conditions, resources, and habitats a species occupies, restricted by biotic factors like competition, predation, and diseases

Tropical Rainforest

nutrient-poor soil (high competition from so many diff. plant species) (TOO HOT)

Boreal Forest

nutrient-poor soil (low temp. & low decomp. rate of dead organic matter) (TOO COLD)

Temperate Forest

nutrient-rich soil (lots of dead organic matter- leaves & warm temperature/ moist for decomposition) (JUST RIGHT)

Nitrogen Cycle

1. Nitrogen Fixation ( N2 gas being converted into NH3 or NO3 )

2. Assimilation ( plants and animals take N in )

3. Ammonification ( decomposers convert waste back into NH3 )

4. Nitrification ( conversion of NH4 to NO2 )

5. Denitrification ( conversion of soil N into N2O gas )

Carbon Cycle

1. Producers convert CO2 into sugars

2. Sugars are converted back into sugars

3. Some carbon is buried

4. Human extracted of FF brings carbon to Earth’s surface

5. CO2 into the air and water are exchanged

6. Combustion converts FFs into CO2

Carbon Sink

reservoir that take in more carbon than it releases (Ex: Ocean)

Carbon Source

reservoir that releases more carbon than it takes in (Ex: FF combustion, animal agriculture)

Phosphorus Cycle

*NO GAS STAGE

Eutrophication

1. Algae bloom covers surface of water

2. Algae dies off

3. Lowers O2 levels in water kills aquatic animals

4. Bacteria uses MORE O2

5. Creates Positive Feedback Loop