period 7 - APUSH

island hopping

1. Plan was to win strategic positions that would be useful in direct assault on Japan

2. For year and a half, American forces traveled from island to island taking back territory from Japanese

explain Japanese military culture

a. Never surrender - die first
b. Dying for country brings honor to family
c. Kamikaze planes (sacrifice life and vehicle to inflict damage) - suicide planes
d. Suicide submarines
e. Even as they suffered great losses of life and supplies, Japanese kept attacking and wouldn't give up

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

• last two stops on island hopping
• fighting was most fierce in all pacific war bc so close to the mainland

iwo jima

• volcanic island small (2 mi x 4 mi)
• most heaviligy defended spot on earth
• jap fighters intercepting B-29 bombers meant for Japanese mainland
• US marines invaded Feb 1945
• jap defenders dug bunkers deep into volcanic rocks
• about 70,000 marines nad 18,00 japanese soldiers took part in battle
• about 70,000 US marines + 18,000 Japs
• 36 days 6,700 marines were killed, 20,000 wounded
• marines capture 226,000; rest killed and 200 ritual suide

ritual suicide

a. sacrificed themselves rather than let the US kill them, brought more honor

famous pic of marines raising US flag on top of Mount Suribachi took place 5 days after battle

a. Photographer Joe Rosenthald took the famous photo
b. 3 of 5 men were killed before battle was over
c. Photo was quickly wired around world and reproduced in newspapers across America, became a symbol of pride for marine corps

Okinawa

1. Last island before reaching mainland Japan
2. Would provide allied forces and air base from which bombers could strike Japan and a place to anchor their ships
3. Fighting was even more fierce than Iwo Jima
4. April 1945 - 60,000 soldiers of US marine corps and army stormed shores of Okinawa
5. Battle lasted 3 months
6. US had 49,000 casualties including 12,500 men dead or missing in action
7. Estimated 150,000 Okinawa civilians were killed
8. Estimated 110,000 of Japanese defending island were killed

eventual sucess

battle of coral sea

• US stipped japanese forces from moving into Australia
• inflicted major damage on Japanese fleet as Island of Midway
• surprise attack and bomb of Japenese fleet
• 'revenge for pearl harbor'
• battle of midway was known as turning point of battle in pacific

douglas mcarthur taking back philipines

• Began to take back Philippines from Japanese by 1944
• Led by Douglas McArthur; he declared "People of the Philippines, I have returned"

douglas macarthur

a. American commander in Philippines
b. After surrender, was relocated before the Death March
c. Was not happy about leaving American soldiers and Philippine citizens behind in hands of Japanese
d. Upon departure, famously told people "I shall return"

Bataan Death March

• japs didnt expect so many POWs
• marched American POWS to other camps about 100 miles away
• Japs commited several war crimes during - death of abt 10,00 American POWs
• Hot temp. (tropical conditions), little water, abuse, and executions contributed to deaths

rise of fascism

1. Depression disrupted economic activity globally
2. Brought about the collapse of traditional political institutions
3. 1930s -
   a. In response, an anti-democratic movement Fascism developed in Germany and Spain by 1930s
   b. Germany and Spain - Authoritarian, militaristic dictatorships
4. By 1940s same Fascism rises in Japan

FDR reaction to rise of fascism

1. Roosevelt (Desire for America to end Fascism): warned people had "sold their heritage of freedom" and urged Americans to work for the "survival of democracy both at home and abroad"
2. However, post- WWI Americans returned to feeling of isolationism

causes of WWII

• WWI
• treaty of versailles
• failure of League of Nation
• great depression
• appeasement
• rise of totalitarian dictators

explain how WWI was cause of WWII

a. Devastated the economies of Europe -
b. specifically German hyper-inflation (money is worth very little) of German mark ($)

how was treaty of versailles cause of WWII

a. Incredibly strict upon Germany: (war-guilt clause, no large military, pay back $30 billion
b. Germany unhappy with allies and begin to demand vengeance
c. "we demand vengeance" - Hitler

how was failure of league of nations cause of WWII

a. **meant to prevent war by discussions, yet ineffective, didn't give themselves enough power to enforce their policies

how was great depression cause of WWII

a. Germany suffered from high inflation and high unemployment > rise of new political party called National Socialist German Workers Party aka Nazi Party > led to rise of Hitler
b. Typically happens during a time of political and economic chaos, people are looking for someone who will cause revolutionary change with a leader (but typically turn out dictators)

appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

explain how appeasement cause of WWII

a. League of Nations gave into whatever Hitler wanted to prevent war, so he kept demanding more
b. Mistake: giving into Hitler
c. By time League of Nations denies = war

examples of totalitarian dictators in context of pre-WWII era

fransico franco in spain - fascits

general hideki tojo in japan - fascist

joseph stalin USSR - communist

mussilini in italy - fasict

hiter fascits

Fascism

A political system where the government is seen as more important than the individual

Fascism is far-right, nationalistic, and maintains private property under state control,

communist

Command system, government owns the means of production, economic decisions are made by central government, and government provides extensive social programs for population

aims for a classless, stateless society, and abolishes private property.

explain how rise of totalitarian dictators was cause of WWII

• total govt control in lands
• militaristic leaders backed by strong militaries

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Beer Hall Putsch

1. At one point, Hitler and Nazis try to overthrow the Weimar Republic in event called Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, Germany
   a. Caught and sent to jail - including Hitler

Enabling Acts

by reishtag (german parliment)
 allow Hitler to assume dictator powers in Germany

Night of the Long Knives

Nazis killed 80 members of Parliament who did not support them (and the enabling acts)

explain hitler/nazi rise to power

• devastated after WWI, Hitler/ Nazis rise using propaganda + promises
• blamed Weimar republic (becomes unpopular)
• hitler/nazis attempt to overthrow Weimar in Beer Hall Putsch Munich Germany
• hitler writes mein kampf
• hitler as cancellor gets reichstag to pass enabling acts
• the third reich has begun

who was blamed for accepting the (bad) terms of treaty of versailles

weimar republic (by hitler and nazis placed the blame)

explain the plan in Mein Kampf

Restore the German "fatherland" = bring together all the German speaking people
 Wants to remove all of those who he considered inferior or undesirable
 Jews, Slavs, Roma (gypsies), Homosexuals, Mentally and Physically Handicaped
 Eventually gets popular enough to be chancellor of Germany by the president

third reich

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
/ the time of hitler as the leader of germany

der fuhrer

a. "the leader" title of Hitler

explain japan's invasion of China in 1931

1. The League of Nations would prove to be too weak to stop aggression in either Europe or Asia
2. Japan invaded an area of China in 1931 called Manchuria and invaded father into China,

REACTION: and the Leage of Nations only gave a reprimand

explain "il duce"

1. Benito Mussulini in Italy "Il Duce"
   a. Il Duce = "the chief"
   b. Inspired by Japan's invasion of China, so he invades Ethiopia
   c. Enticed by Allies because they were promised land, so now they just take it

REACTION: League of Nations did nothing

explain the appeasement by the League of Nations

1. After WWI, Britian and France were struggling: by no means economically or financially prepared for another war = follow policy of appeasement to Hitler (because not ready)
2. No one acted with Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations OR when he re-armed Germany
3. Also didn't act as he remilitarized the Rhineland
4. Also do nothing as Hitler agrees to Alliance with Italy in the Rome-Berlin Axis
5. Also do nothing when Hitler agrees to alliance with Japan
6. Many strong gov + strong militaries

explain american sentiment in early conflict

• back to isolation / out of international affairs

Good Neighbor Policy

a. Says the US will not use military force to intervene in Latin American Affairs (opposite of Roosevelt Corollary)
 Reason: recognized they needed better relationship with Latin America

2. FDR wanted to get involved in Europe à wants to establish a lasting peace but everyone else in America was isolationists

Neutrality Acts

1. designed to keep the US neutral
   a. Wanted to avoid what got us into WWI
   b. Placed embargo on trading arms with belligerent nations
   c. Americans who traveled on the vessels of belligerent nations were traveling at their own risk (Lusitania)
   Banned loans to belligerent nations

explain the Anschluss

1. Germany begins taking over…
2. Anschluss = (all through negotiations) political connection or union; the idea of Austria being incorporated into Germany
3. To get more Lebensraum (living space) for German population
4. In 1938, Austria officially annex and league of Nations did nothing

explain czecholovaskia situation

1. Hitler is set on taking Czechoslovakia next
2. Czechoslovakia has an alliance with France, and France has alliance with Britian

a. While we know Czechoslovakia couldn't likely defend, we know Britian and France aren't ready to enter a war and do anything either

3. Allies (Britian and France) decide to hold a conference with Hitler: Munich Conference
   a. Once again practice appeasement -

b. Munich Agreement - give Hitler the Sudetenland (German speaking area of Czechoslovakia) with the agreement that he will stop his aggression and seek no more land

4. Hitler immediately violates Munich Agreement by taking rest of Czechoslovakia to which the League of Nation did nothing except they will agree to protect Poland (*last straw)

Munich Conference

a. Once again practice appeasement -
b. Munich Agreement - give Hitler the Sudetenland (German speaking area of Czechoslovakia) with the agreement that he will stop his aggression and seek no more land

hitler action directly after munich conference

1. violates Munich Agreement by taking rest of Czechoslovakia to which the League of Nation did nothing except they will agree to protect Poland (*last straw)

explain non-agression pact Hitler w/ Soviet Union

1. After Munich Conference, Hitler signs a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union (agreement to not attack one another)
   a. Hitler signs because he knows that he will invade Poland, and doesn't want a war on two fronts + agree that they will split Poland (fascist)
   b. Soviets sign the pact because they were mad at the Allies for not being invited to the Munich Conference (communist)

start of WW2 date

1. September 1, 1939 - Hitler invades Poland ***START OF WW2
2. Once Hitler invades Poland,
   a. Britian and France declare war
   b. FDR immediately declares neutrality (even though many Americans support Allies)

explain beginning of poland attack

• hitler invades poland
• sept 1 1939
• immediately US declare neutrality / brit + france war

explain blitzkreig

"lightning warfare" / a fast destructive attack

2. Disable the enemies with bombs and tanks, then send in troops to occupy the area
3. Hitler will use the blitzkrieg to take Denmark and Norway
4. In 1940, France fell under German occupation (leaving only Great Britian)

two opinions of Americans on WWII

a. Isolationist - want to stay neutral
b. Interventionist - want to get involved in the war

2. Eventually the interventionists gain control of congress and begin passing laws that violate the Neutrality Acts (cannot trade/loan belligerent nation)

Cash and Carry Policy

(intervea. - allows US to trade non-military goods with belligerent nations, but had to be paid full in cash and goods had to be picked up by the purchaser
b. EX: traded naval destroyers with Great Britian,
c. Increase the US defense spendingntionist)

explain the significance of the selective service act in 1940

the first time we pass a peace-time draft (not in war yet!!)
 FDR says that we as a US needs to be the "Great Arsenal of Democracy"

FDR 3rd term

a. runs for an unprecedented 3rd term and gets re-elected
 FDR knows that our security depends on Great Britian's survival

battle of britian

Right after France falls, Island of Great Britian is attacked by Germany

 German Luftwaffe sustained bombing of key cities in Great Britian from July-October 1940

German Luftwaffe

bombed cities in Great Britian from July-October 1940

lend lease act

allows the president to lend or lease weapons to nations whose defense was vital to our security (used to supply Great Britian)

four freedoms speech

i. Things FDR hoped Americans would support defending at home and abroad: (Norman Rockwell paintings)
 i. freedom of speech,
 ii. freedom of worship,
 iii. freedom from want,
 iv. freedom from fear

explain hitler invasion of soviet union

1. Hitler violates his pact with the Soviet Union by not only taking Poland but invading Soviet Union
2. Soviet Union joins the allies

soviet union joins the allies

• US adds them to the lend-lease act
• US sets North Atlantic patrol + escort brit ships
• then US makes Atlantic Charter

atlantic charter

a. Joint declaration by US and UK
b. War aims
c. Post-war goals after Hitler

explain Tripartite Pact

1940 -

• japans enters alliance between Germany, Italy,
• axis powers

tripartite pact

axis powers

why is Japan's militaristic + imperialistic concern US

because we have guam ad phiilipines

explain US course of action with Japan till Jan 7 1941

• US try negotiate to stop agression (japs dont stop)
• US places embargo on Japan
• Japan mad abt embargo bc need it for war
• Japan sees embargo as US ally with Brits and France, so begin ally for war

pearl harbor

• december 7 1941
  a. Attempt to disable our naval fleet so US cannot attack them
  b. Over 240 hundred Americans were killed and our navy was heavily damaged
  c. After the attack, Japanese general said "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill hi with terrible resolve" Yamatoto

december 8th

1. FDR gives speech to congress asking for declaration of war "a date which will live in infamy"
   a. Immediately after we declare war on Japan, Germany and Italy declare war on US

who is the ONLY person to not be for WWII

jeannette rankin

explain how US began mobilzation for war

• raise money (taxes + war bonds)
• war production board
• raise army
• assemble a workforce

war production board

Made to increase production
 . Allocates resources, gave incentives to businesses, and manages the change from consumer to war goods
 The mobilization (change in production) will boost our economy - brings US out of great depression

explain segregation in the military

i. Military still segregated despite civil right movements, AA in segregated units (only applies to AA not other ethnicities)
 ii. Specific unit of native Americans called Navajo Code Talkers

Navajo Code Talkers

specialized unit who will use their native language to create military codes *unbreakable code as already a language

women in military

Women's duties were limited (no female combat) but serve in new roles:
 i. Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
 ii. Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES)
Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASP

women in workforce

a. With millions of Americans in the armed services, defense industries needed workers for the production of war goods.
b. Women were called upon to fill these jobs.
c. Patriotistism and propaganda were used to entice women to work in the factories
 EXAMPLE: Rosie the Riveter
d. Women who joined the workforce were expected to maintain their household duties, paid less than men, and when men returned from war, women were expected to return home

national war labor board

In charge of setting wages, work hours, and making sure working conditions were safe
 If a factory did not comply with the rules, then the govt could take over that factory

double "V" campaign

1. Victory over Nazism abroad
2. Victory over racism at home
3. Part of the reason we are at war is to fight for freedom + democracy but at home we still have major race issues

A. Philip Randolph

• planned civil right march on Washing
• FDR fears publicity (war at home for equality when fighting away in war)
• FDR real: Randolph agreed to call off march in exchange for FDR creating the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

FEDPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission)

a. Enforce fair employment without discrimination in hiring in the defense industry
b. FDR bans discrimination in govt jobs

election of 1944

1. FDR uses the war as a reason to run for a 4th term because he wanted to "see the war to the end"
2. wins for relection FDR with Harry Truman as VP
3. once FDR re-elected Congress passes the GI Bill of RIghts

GI Bill of Rights

1. Passed in 1944 after FDR 4th term
2. Offered benefits to war veterans
3. Paid for education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans

office of war information

a. to encourage
 i. support for the war, also required rationing - restricting goods we needed for war (rubber, gasoline, meat, butter, sugar)
 ii. planting of victory gardens - provide food for families so commercial could be used for the war effort
 iii. sell bonds to finance the war
 iv. to enlist in military
 v. to encourage production
b. used posters, cartoons ("You're a Sap, Mr. Jap" - Popeye), movies and music patriotic

movies + culture of US in WWII

1. cartoons ("You're a Sap, Mr. Jap" - Popeye), movies and music patriotic
   before movies started, gave news reels of what was happening in the war

migration during WWII

1. millions of American moved during the war
2. families moved to training stations with soldiers
3. moved to areas with defense production for jobs
4. caused housing shortages in some areas
5. transportation issues
6. turf wars - newcomers and old timers - over public space

racial conflict in WWII

EAST :

• White Americans and immigrants competed with African Americans for jobs in the industrial cities - increase racial tensions.
• One example is a riot in Detroit in June 1943 that left 34 people dead and hundreds injured.

WEST:

• zoot zuits

zoot suit riots

i. In Los Angeles, male Hispanic teenagers formed gangs called pachucos - many of them dressed in zoot-suits - broad-brimmed felt hats, thigh-length jackets with wide lapels and padded shoulders, pegged trousers, and clunky shoes.
 ii. In June 1943, rumors circulated Los Angeles that a pachuco gang had beaten a white sailor.
 iii. This rumor set off a four-day riot in the city in which hundres of white servicemen roamed through Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked zoot-suiters. (Called the Zoot-Suit Riots).
 iv. In a display of bias, the LA police officers arrested only Mexican American youth and the City Council passed an ordinance outlawing the wearing of zoot suits.

japanese internment / executive order 9066

1. Executive order 9066 gave war department power to relocate Japanese Americans in camps during the war
2. Almost every Japenese on the west coast was placed into a camp - couldn't leave
3. If any of the Japs held an agricultural job they were let out, as there was a labor shortage in agriculture
4. Also, if they enlisted in military, they were let out
5. In 1988, Congress will apologize and gives surviving detainees $20,000

big 3

Stalin, FDR, and Churchill - make defeating Germany a bigger priority than defeating Japan, but differ on strategy

big 3 plan of attack

i. Germans had invaded Soviet Union and pushing into Soviet Union so Stalin wants US and Great Britian to help relieve that pressure by opening up a second front
 ii. FDR tells Stalin the Allies will help, but will not happen right away - for 18 months (yr and half) Soviet Union bears the brunt of the fight

tehran conference

i. FDR and Churchill agree to open a second front within 6 months in return for Stalin's help in fighting Japan
 ii. Both sides follow through but Stalin is not happy it took so long

allies suffer defeats

a. Allies are suffering one defeat after another, Germans pushing into Soviet Union and offensive in North Africa
b. U-boats are destroying American convoys

battle of stalingrad

• winter 1942 - 43 begin to turn tide

1. One of first major victory as Allies
2. Able to stop German forces and push them back out of Soviet Union

north africa (WWII)

1. Allies launching attack to open up second front
2. US troops lead by Dwight Eisenhower and General Geroge Patton
   a. Able to defeat German Afrika Korps who were under German commander Erwin Rommel " Desert Fox"

"Desert fox"

erwin rommel

italy (WWII allies)

1. Allies' troops move into Italy
2. Churchill's strategy to attack the "soft underbelly of Europe"
   a. Mussolini not nearly as powerful as Hitler
3. Italian king ousts Mussolini's regime after Allies invasion
   a. Killed
4. After Mussolini is ousted > German troops stay and defend Italy against Allies invasion
5. June 1944 > Allies take Rome
   Strategy of attacking "underbelly" time consuming and costly

D-Day

• june 6, 1944
• largest land sea air invasion in history
• pre- attack: attempted to trick Germany to think other area invaded (kind of worked - still troops)
• sent patroopers to get behind night before
• across english channel into Normandy France
• involved US, UK, Canda under general Eisenhower
  -opened 2nd front + liberated france from German control

large losses:

• nasty weather
• immediate german fire as ships let out
• obstacles on beaches
• over 1.5 mil soldiers and tons of military follow into france

explain some timeline after d-day

june 6 - d day
august - allies liberate paris
sept - germans out of france mostly
december - battle of bulge

april - hitler takes life
may 8- ve day

****bombing german cities and targets at time

VE-Day

A. Being pushed back from both sides

1. Badly losing
   B. April 30, 1945 > Hitler takes his own life in his underground bunker
   C. May 8, 1945 > Germans surrender
   VE Day (Victory in Europe Day

the holocaust

A. When Allied troops advanced into Poland and Germany in the spring of 1945, they came face-to-face with Hitler's "final solution" for the Jewish population of Germany and the German-occupied countries - the extermination camps in which 6 million Jews and 6 million others (including Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other "undesirables") had been put to death.
B. Photographs of the Nazi death camps and work camps at Buchenwald, Dachau, and Auschwitz as well as many others showed bodies stacked and survivors so emaciated that they were barely alive.
C. These photographs would eventually be published in Life magazine and horrified Americans.
D. The Nazi persecution of the Jews was widely known in the US in the 1930s, but the Jews had begun to flee Europe, the US refused to relax its strict immigration laws to take them in.
E. Various factors inhibited American action, but the most wide-spread was anti-Semitism: in the State Department, Christian churches, and the public at large.
F. Another reason was fear of economic competition (following the Great Depression)
G. With that said, even though the Roosevelt Administration had reliable information about the Holocaust as early as 1942, the American public was largely unaware of the death camps. . . this was due to propaganda coming out of Germany showing the concentration camps in a much different light.
H. The US did allow about 21,000 Jews to enter the country and helped about 200,000 find safe havens in other countries.

battle of the bulge

A. Belgium
B. December 1944 > Germans mount last offenses
C. Name from bulge created in Allies line of defense
D. Germans ultimately unsuccessful

why was winning war japan just as hard as germany

1. the Japanese quickly expanded into the South Pacific and Southeast Asia.

May 1942 - the US forces were defeated by the Japanese in the US territory of the Philippines

battan death march

i. Japanese did not expect to have so many POWs; camps were overflowing
 ii. Marched American POWs to other camps about 100 miles away
 ii. Japanese committed several war crimes during this march, resulting in death of about 10,000 American POWs
 iii. Hot temp. (tropical conditions), little water, abuse, and executions contributed to deaths

post war planning

• yalta conference
• UN