AP Language and Composition Mock Exam 1

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

(𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘺 𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 2016.)

When I was younger, I used to have the same recurring daydream in gym class.

If we were playing softball, I would dream I hit the ball and sprinted to home plate because I deserve to be there, not because my classmates let me slide—like the puck that glided past the goalie and into the net. I won the game, and everything faded away as a single tear rolled down my cheek—the way athletes cry after a championship win in the movies.

Me, midrun, a smile on my face, because I couldn't believe I was quickly moving.

I have a milder form of cerebral palsy. I walk with a limp. I had given up on the idea of running after surgeries on the right side of my body left me too afraid to relearn how to run.

These reveries left me waiting for a "special talent," which I assumed all disabled kids had, to make up for their disability.

I'm a terrible singer, so I figured I'd find a hidden gift in a sport we played in physical education class.

I never did, and I yearn for representation of people of color with disabilities in sports. So until the work that disabled black women do is recognized, I will continue to champion and celebrate the able-bodied black women.

I cried when I learned that Misty Copeland would be American Ballet's first black female principal dancer. My weeping was not because I had dreams of being a ballet dancer—although I would twirl from the kitchen table to the fridge in my socks, convinced I could pirouette with the best of ballerinas.

I was emotional because ballet, at its core, is both raw and feminine, two things that black women are often not allowed to be.

Then come gymnasts Gabby Douglas, Simone Biles and Laurie Hernandez. Not only did they help secure a team gold medal, but Biles is the new Olympic all-around champion and is leaving Rio with five medals.

At 24, I'm older than they are, but I feel a sense of pride when I see them swinging on uneven bars or sticking dismounts on vaults.

I hold my breath with them as they await their scores and cheer when I feel they received the ones they deserved.

The Olympics are the ultimate dream.

Our bodies are in no way identical, and we are on opposite ends of the spectrum.

Though I've been told that the way my smile spreads across my face during moments of triumph is similar to Gabby's and Simone's happy grins.

They all have dealt with criticism, from some people saying Gabby isn't patriotic, to a dance instructor telling a 13-year-old Copeland she was too old to be a ballerina.

I haven't had the same amount of vitriol thrown at me, but I was told by a teacher in high school that I would never make it as a successful journalist. I've had my writing abilities questioned and racist comments sent to me frequently online. Like them, I feel I have persevered.

For Lena Dunham and Jenni Konner's Lenny Letter,3 I wrote about one of my biggest triumphs so far, putting my hair up into a ponytail, unassisted. This might not be a medaling event at the Olympics, but it made me feel as proud and as wonderful as I imagine Misty, Laurie, Gabby and Simone feel with each of their completed goals.

There is an expectation for black women in sports to be better than the best, show no emotion and maintain a level of superhuman strength.

When Copeland steps out on the stage next month at the Opera de Paris to star in "The Sleeping Beauty," I hope she reminds herself of all the work she's put in to get there.

Simply seeing all of these women succeed in their fields is something akin to witnessing a miracle that isn't really a miracle but rather a result of fate putting the world in the right order.

Representation matters, and even as I live in a disabled body that was never lucky enough to be good at any sport, when I see these women in commercials and on TV screens, I am reminded of all of the things I can achieve with hard work and talent. These athletes prove that every black body is beautiful, even the ones that don't look like theirs.

© ESPN. Reprinted courtesy of ESPN.com

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞?

A spate of high-profile athletic achievements that she finds inspiring

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐛𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 "𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬 𝟏-𝟑) 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨

immediately direct attention to her mental world and perceptions

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐤 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐩") 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬?

It elaborates on a term to avoid a potential misunderstanding.

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐪𝐮𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨

convey a sense of skepticism about an idea that is described

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠

a series of comparisons between herself and the athletes she admires

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐫 "𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟏𝟐) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐫 "𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐞" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟏𝟓) 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨

illustrate how her sense of solidarity with the gymnasts is unconstrained by physical differences

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬 𝐝𝐨 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠?

Amplify the significance of a comparison by making, then qualifying, an absolute claim

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐚 . . . 𝐮𝐧𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝") 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

connect the author's insights about her professional life to her broader experiences as a person with cerebral palsy

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 "𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭" 𝐚𝐧𝐝 "𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡" 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐲

belief that the expectation reflects unrealistic demands

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲-𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞 "𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬𝐧'𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐚 𝐦𝐢𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐥𝐞" 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐲

emphasizing that elite black women athletes achieve success through talent and hard work

𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡

𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦𝐬?

While representation is important, role models can be highly valuable to people who are not identical to them.

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𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

(𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘢 𝘣𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 2008 𝘣𝘺 𝘢 𝘨𝘦𝘰𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘩𝘺 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘰𝘳.)

Numerous books and articles published in recent years argue, explicitly as well as implicitly, that the human world today is so mobile, so interconnected, and so integrative that it is, in one prominent and much-repeated assessment, "flat." Ancient and durable obstacles are no more, interaction is global, free trade rules the globe, migration is ubiquitous, and the flow of ideas (and money and jobs) is so pervasive that geography, in the perspective of more than one observer, "is history." The notion that place continues to play a key role in shaping humanity's still-variegated mosaic is seen as obsolete, even offensive and deterministic. Choice, not constraint, is the mantra of the new flat-world proponents. Join the "forces of flattening" and you will enjoy the benefits. Don't, and you will fall off the edge. The option is yours.

But is it? From the vantage point of a high-floor room in the Shanghai Hyatt, the Mumbai Oberoi, or the Dubai Hilton, or from a business-class window seat on Singapore Airlines, the world seems flat indeed. Millions of world-flatteners move every day from hotel lobby to airport limo to first-class lounge, laptop in hand, uploading, outsourcing, offshoring as they travel, adjusting the air conditioning as they go. They are changing the world, these modern nomads, and they are, in many ways, improving it—depending of course on one's definition of progress. But are they invariably agents of access and integration? Are they lowering the barriers to participation or raising the stakes against it? Have their influence and impact overpowered the imperatives of place, so that their very mobility symbolizes a confirmed irrelevance of location?

Not yet. The Earth, physically as well as culturally, still is very rough terrain, and in crucial ways its regional compartments continue to trap billions in circumstances that spell disadvantage. The power of place and the fate of people are linked by many strands ranging from physical area and natural environment to durable culture and local tradition. This book, therefore, views a world in which progress toward convergence is countered by stagnation, even setbacks. Various constituencies of the comparatively prosperous global core are walling off their affluent realms from intrusion by poorer globals, hardening a division between core and periphery that exacerbates contrasts and stokes conflicts. The near-global diffusion of various forms of English as a first or second language is promoting a cultural convergence, but the radicalization of religions has the opposite effect. The distribution of health and well-being shows troubling signs of inequity and reversal. Because people continue to congregate in places of high environmental risk, especially in the crowded periphery, hundreds of millions find themselves in continuing jeopardy (as the 2004 tsunami, in the absence of coordinated warning systems, tragically confirmed). Inevitably, places of costly historic and current conflict take their toll as the "international community" stands by without effective intervention, another form of jeopardy that afflicts the destinies of millions. And males and females in the same locales have widely varying experiences, their destinies diverging in sometimes agonizing ways. Even in the world's cities, where the "rising tide lifts all boats" promise of globalization should be especially evident, power creates a high-relief topography of privilege and privation. Nor is the world's divisive political stockade5 likely to be flattened anytime soon. Even as states try to join in unions and associations, their provinces and regions nurture nationalisms working the other way. The power of place still holds the vast majority of us in its thrall.

Of course, the question is not whether the world is flat. Thomas Friedman, who coined the phrase, concedes that he realizes "that the world is not flat. Don't worry, I know . . . I have engaged in literary license in titling [my] book to draw attention . . . ." It is the 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴 of "flattening" on which Friedman wants to focus through his provocative title, "the single most important trend in the world today," that is at issue. And in certain respects the global playing field is leveling, but in other ways the reverse appears to be true. Notions of a flat world raise expectations of growing access and increasing opportunity that are mantras of globalization but are all too often at variance with reality. Powerful forces, natural as well as human, slow the flattening process in a contest that will determine the future of the planet.

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞?

The uncritical acceptance of an opinion that he finds problematic

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞?

They are familiar with mainstream rhetoric about globalization.

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 ("𝐀𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 . . . 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭, 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐨𝐧 "𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲" 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐭-𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

sound a little too superficial to be true

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡?

Paragraph 3 presents evidence that addresses questions raised in paragraph 2.

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫-𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 . . . 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

acknowledge the validity of one element of an argument he generally opposes

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 "𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭[𝐢𝐧𝐠] 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐤" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟑, 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟖) ?

Dangers that disproportionately affect certain communities

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 "𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬" 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞

the hazards of inhabiting certain geographical areas

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞 "𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟑, 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟗) 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

signal a skeptical tone that reflects the author's doubts about the existence of such a community

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 . . . 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥"), 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐬 "𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟"?

The author's claim would be broadened by the removal of a qualification.

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐀𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞'𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬?

The first four sentences of the third paragraph ("Not yet . . . even setbacks")

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 . . . 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐛 "𝐢𝐬" 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞

an area of agreement between himself and another author whose views he has challenged

𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗝

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

an area of agreement between himself and another author whose views he has challenged

ㅤ

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𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

(𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘢 𝘣𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘢 𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘵 𝘪𝘯 2008.)

A country founded on the principle of individual freedom—"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"1—has both a gift and a problem. "No man is an island," the English poet John Donne wrote in the seventeenth century, but in the late eighteenth century, at least in America, you very nearly could be, at least physically. The continent was so immense, the forests so thick, and the land so fertile, that a man could literally live alone. Strictly speaking, if survival was all that mattered, he did not even need a market to sell to. He had everything he needed in the woods, streams, and fields.

This was how Americans saw themselves, or claimed to see themselves. In his first Farewell Address—the one in 1783, when he resigned his commission as commander in chief of the continental army—General George Washington envisioned his disbanded troops heading out to the "extensive and fertile Regions of the West," which would "yield a most happy Asylum to those, who, fond of domestic enjoyment are seeking for personal independence."

This independence was not only geographical, it was psychological, spiritual, political—and legal. With the colonial grants wiped away by revolution, new American landowners could buy and hold land in "fee simple," just the way the highest-ranking feudal lords had done at the top of Old World society. Every man was his own lord and vassal. He could make whatever money he could, and keep most of it as his own. There would be taxes in the New World, but they were not "direct." Indeed, for the first century of its existence, Washington derived the bulk of its revenue from global trade—from import tariffs and duties—and from sales of federal land.

The spirit of economic individualism was always with us, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it had become a kind of secular religion in the world of business, even when the aim of big business was to snuff out the very entrepreneurialism that nurtured commerce to begin with. In 1886, at the height of the first Gilded Age, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that the Southern Pacific Railroad—and, by extension, all profit-making corporations—were entitled to be viewed as individual persons in the eyes of the law. We were the first country in the world to view them that way, but it made sense: Individualism was Us, even if Us was a corporate leviathan. Americans have never fully accepted the idea that tax tables should be designed, and revenues disbursed, in a way that makes government the redistributor of wealth and guarantor of income. "Fairness" is one thing, redistribution another.

There was another view—a counterpoint—and much of our history is about the struggle of communal thinking to gain sway in the economic life of America. The question has never been whether Americans would pitch in to help each other—but rather the extent to which government could require them to do so. Observers from Tocqueville onward have commented on our willingness, even eagerness, to join voluntary associations, from civic groups to teaching circles. Americans give more to charity per capita than citizens of any other country. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett2 established the wealthiest charitable foundation in history. We may "bowl alone" more often these days, as author Robert Putnam gloomily puts it in his metaphor for anomie,3 but we also worry about the fact that we do so. Walt Whitman,4 our bard of brotherhood, saw no conflict between his own credo of the individual and his love of all mankind. "[W]hoever walks a furlong without sympathy," he wrote in "Song of Myself," "walks to his own funeral drest in a shroud."

But what is the government's role in reconciling two age-old American concepts: "There's no such thing as a free lunch" and "united we stand"?

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 ("𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐲 . . . 𝐚 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦") ?

It makes a claim that the passage goes on to defend.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞?

They are familiar with the phrase "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐍𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐧 . . . 𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲"), 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐧 𝐃𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞'𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?

He rebuts it by offering a counterexample.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 . . . 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞") 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭

help define the idea presented in the previous sentence

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐈𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 . . . 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐛𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

identify the specific occasion on which George Washington delivered his first Farewell Address

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡?

The second and third paragraphs develop a line of reasoning to support the first paragraph's claim about self-reliance in America.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬?

The third paragraph broadens a concept introduced and described in the first two paragraphs.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐬 "𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟓, 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏) 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐬'

resistance toward government-controlled wealth redistribution versus their openness to participate in voluntary wealth redistribution

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐏𝐮𝐭𝐧𝐚𝐦 𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐬 "'𝐛𝐨𝐰𝐥 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞' 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐧" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟓, 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟔) ?

They both acknowledge the validity of the claim, but the author views this development with less despair than does Putnam.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐖𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐲 . . . 𝐝𝐨 𝐬𝐨"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐪𝐮𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞 "𝐛𝐨𝐰𝐥 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞" 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

attribute the phrase to another author

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐨

embodies the complex relationship between individualistic and communal thinking in American culture

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 ("𝐁𝐮𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 . . . 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 "𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐚𝐠𝐞-𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬" 𝐛𝐲 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠

coordination to suggest a balance between the two concepts

ㅤ

ㅤ

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

(𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘢 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘦𝘤𝘩 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 1910.)

Let the man of learning, the man of lettered leisure, beware of that queer and cheap temptation to pose to himself and to others as a cynic, as the man who has outgrown emotions and beliefs, the man to whom good and evil are as one. The poorest way to face life is to face it with a sneer. There are many men who feel a kind of twisted pride in cynicism; there are many who confine themselves to criticism of the way others do what they themselves dare not even attempt. There is no more unhealthy being, no man less worthy of respect, than he who either really holds, or feigns to hold, an attitude of sneering disbelief toward all that is great and lofty, whether in achievement or in that noble effort which, even if it fails, comes to second achievement. A cynical habit of thought and speech, a readiness to criticize work which the critic himself never tries to perform, an intellectual aloofness which will not accept contact with life's realities—all these are marks, not as the possessor would fain to think, of superiority but of weakness. They mark the men unfit to bear their part painfully in the stern strife of living, who seek, in the affection of contempt for the achievements of others, to hide from others and from themselves in their own weakness. The role is easy; there is none easier, save only the role of the man who sneers alike at both criticism and performance.

It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat. Shame on the man of cultivated taste who permits refinement to develop into fastidiousness that unfits him for doing the rough work of a workaday world. Among the free peoples who govern themselves there is but a small field of usefulness open for the men of cloistered life who shrink from contact with their fellows. Still less room is there for those who deride or slight what is done by those who actually bear the brunt of the day; nor yet for those others who always profess that they would like to take action, if only the conditions of life were not exactly what they actually are. The man who does nothing cuts the same sordid figure in the pages of history, whether he be a cynic, or fop, or voluptuary. There is little use for the being whose tepid soul knows nothing of great and generous emotion, of the high pride, the stern belief, the lofty enthusiasm, of the men who quell the storm and ride the thunder. Well for these men if they succeed; well also, though not so well, if they fail, given only that they have nobly ventured, and have put forth all their heart and strength. It is war-worn Hotspur, spent with hard fighting, he of the many errors and valiant end, over whose memory we love to linger, not over the memory of the young lord who "but for the vile guns would have been a valiant soldier."

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝 "𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧" 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐭𝐨

disengage from moral responsibility

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐬

"intellectual aloofness" (sentence 5)

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 "𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐞𝐢𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞" (𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏) 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐚

choice regarding his attitude toward involvement

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬

the juxtaposition of two contrasting personality types

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐈𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 . . . 𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐚𝐭") ?

Clauses beginning with "who" are used repeatedly to emphasize engaging images of the men under discussion.

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐀𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠 . . . 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞") 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫'𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐨

distinguish different types and degrees of uselessness

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐇𝐨𝐭𝐬𝐩𝐮𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟

"the men who quell the storm and ride the thunder" (paragraph 2, sentence 7)

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫'𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞?

Action without discretion can incur disastrous results.

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐲𝐧𝐢𝐜'𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞

cowardice and inauthenticity

𝗥𝗢𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗧

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫'𝐬 𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬

critical