Bio Lab II Musculoskeletal/Reproductive/Urinary Systems

3 types of muscle

1. skeletal

2. smooth

3. cardiac

Chromosomes

thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, made of protein and a single molecule of DNA, which carries genomic information from cell to cell

humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Gametes

reproductive cells that fuse during sexual reproduction to create a new individual

Hormones

chemical messengers produced by glands and specialized tissues that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to regulate, coordinate, and control distant cells, tissues, and organs

Zygote

fertilized egg

Testes

the primary male reproductive glands in animals and humans, responsible for producing sperm and secreting androgens, mainly testosterone

Vas deferens (sperm duct)

a pair of muscular tubes in the male reproductive system that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and urethra

Functions of the male reproductive system

produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid (semen), discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract, and produce and secrete male sex hormones (such as testosterone)

Seminiferous tubules

the highly coiled, thread-like microscopic tubes located within the testes responsible for producing sperm and, in some cases, secreting androgen hormones

Scrotum

suspended pouch of skin and smooth muscle situated below the penis that houses the testes, epididymis, and lower spermatic cord; maintains the testes at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature, which is essential for sperm production

Path of sperm

1. testes

2. epididymis

3. vas deferens

4. ejaculatory duct

5. urethra

Functions of female reproductive system

produce eggs, facilitate fertilization, nourish and develop a fetus, and produce hormones to regulate these processes and maintain sexual health

Fetus

the unborn offspring of a viviparous mammal

embryos are considered a fetus at the end of the 10th week on pregnancy

Ovaries

primary sex organs of females where eggs and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) are produced, and ovulation occurs

Oviducts

transport the egg to the uterus

Uterus

functions to house and nourish a developing fetus during gestation and contracts to facilitate childbirth

Cervix

opening of the uterus

Vagina

receives the penis copulation and serves as the birth canal

(the pH of the vagina is acidic)

Morula

cluster of 16-32 cells

Cleavage

cell division without growth

Blastula

hollow ball of cells

Gastrula

3 layers of cells form: ectoderm (skin), mesoderm (muscles, bone), and endoderm (digestive/respiratory lining) from which tissues and organs will form

Major parts of the kidney

1. Renal cortex

2. Renal medulla

3. Renal pelvis

Nephrons

the microscopic, functional unit of the kidney, with roughly 1 million per kidney responsible for filtering blood, balancing water/electrolytes, and producing urine

Urinalysis

medical test that analyzes a urine sample to detect substances, cells, and bacteria that may indicate health issues like kidney disease, diabetes, or urinary tract infections (UTIs)