Chemistry SAAT Tajmeat Review Flashcards

This flashcard set covers key topics from the Ghasham International Chemistry SAAT Tajmeat, including atomic structure, stoichiometry, gas laws, chemical bonding, organic chemistry, and electrochemistry.

What branch of science studies theories of matter composition, such as bonding and orbital shapes?

Atomic Chemistry

Which property of matter remains constant and is unaffected by gravity?

Mass

Which classification describes density as a property?

Intensive property

How many ozone molecules are formed from 12 oxygen atoms?

$$4$$

Which substance increases in volume when it transitions from a liquid to a solid state?

$$H_2O$$

Which state of matter has an indefinite shape and volume with widely spaced particles?

Gaseous state

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Observation

Which substances are primarily responsible for ozone layer depletion?

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What is considered a chemical property of iron?

Forms rust in humid air

Which state of matter exhibits compressibility?

Gases

In which layer of the atmosphere is ozone gas primarily found?

Stratosphere

Melting is an example of what type of change?

Physical change

What is the temperature at which a substance transitions from a solid to a liquid?

Melting point

Which of the following is NOT considered matter: Air, Water, Light, or Steam?

Light

Is 'The volume of liquid in a glass is $10\,mL$' a qualitative or quantitative observation?

Quantitative observation

What process allows us to smell solid naphthalene in the air without it melting?

Sublimation

What is the process of a substance changing from a gas to a solid without becoming a liquid?

Deposition

Is color classified as an intensive or extensive property?

Intensive property

What is the correct order of the scientific method steps?

Observation, asking questions, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

What distinguishes a compound from a mixture?

A chemical reaction occurs between components

What is the chemical symbol for the element Chromium?

$$Cr$$

Why is $Br_2$ not considered a compound?

It consists of only one type of element

Which branch of chemistry specifically studies compounds containing carbon?

Organic chemistry

Which branch of chemistry investigates the impact of packaging materials on the environment?

Environmental chemistry

A research study aimed at solving a specific problem is classified as what?

Applied research

What is the primary state of matter found in stars and galaxies?

Plasma

Who was the scientist able to measure ozone levels?

Dobson

What type of change is paper burning?

Chemical change

How is table salt ($NaCl$) classified?

Compound

What harmful radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer?

Ultraviolet rays

What is the standard measurement for the natural concentration of ozone in the atmosphere?

$$300\,DU$$

In an experiment measuring stirring's effect on salt dissolution, what variable is stirring?

Independent variable

What happens to the particles in a solid?

They are closely packed together

Which two variables control the state of matter?

Pressure and Temperature

Is mass classified as an intensive or extensive property?

Extensive property

A set of controlled observations tested against a hypothesis is called an:

Experiment

What is the opposite process of deposition?

Sublimation

What branch of chemistry focuses on reactions occurring within living organisms?

Biochemistry

What is the scientific law stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction?

Law of Conservation of Mass

Why does water evaporate at temperatures below $100^{\circ}C$ in desalination towers?

Decreasing the pressure inside the towers

Who discovered the electron?

Thomson

What is the electrical charge of cathode rays?

Negative

What is the smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element?

Atom

What negatively charged particles revolve around the nucleus?

Electrons

In what way do isotopes of an element differ?

Number of neutrons

Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

The nucleus

What is the charge of the nucleus as concluded by Rutherford?

Positive

What device is used to view individual atoms?

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Who first suggested the existence of atoms based on scientific reasoning?

Democritus

What is the average mass of all isotopes of an element in nature called?

Atomic mass

Why is an atom electrically neutral?

Number of protons = Number of electrons

What is the formula to calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

Mass number - Atomic number

What rays were used in Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

Alpha rays

What are positively charged particles emitted by radioactive materials called?

Alpha rays

How many protons and neutrons are in a nitrogen atom with mass number 14 and atomic number 7?

7 protons and 7 neutrons

What determines the identity of an element (the atomic number)?

Number of protons in the nucleus

What is the spontaneous process where unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation?

Radioactive decay

What are Gamma rays ($\gamma$) defined as?

High-energy photons

What is the main factor determining nuclear stability?

The ratio of neutrons to protons

What happens to the atomic number and mass number during alpha decay?

Atomic number decreases by 2, mass number decreases by 4

What is the result of beta decay on the atomic number?

Increase in atomic number by 1

Which type of decay does not change the number of protons or neutrons?

Gamma

Which scientist discovered the nucleus?

Rutherford

What is the approximate mass of a proton in atomic mass units?

$$1\,amu$$

According to Dalton, all matter is composed of tiny particles called:

Atoms

Which scientist proposed that there is no empty space inside the atom (which was later proven wrong)?

Aristotle

What atomic model shows electrons moving in quantized energy levels around a central nucleus?

Bohr's model

What type of reaction is represented by $Ni(s) + CuCl_2(aq) \rightarrow Cu(s) + NiCl_2(aq)$?

Single displacement

What term describes compounds used to absorb moisture from the air?

Anhydrous Salts

Which formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule?

Molecular Formula

What is Avogadro's number?

$$6.02 \times 10^{23}$$

What type of reaction involves the breakdown of a single compound into two or more simpler substances?

Decomposition

Which reaction represents synthesis: $2Mg + Cl_2 \rightarrow 2MgCl_2$ or $MgCl_2 \rightarrow Mg + Cl_2$?

$$2Mg + Cl_2 \rightarrow 2MgCl_2$$

What is produced when an acid reacts with a base?

Salt + Water

What gas is produced when alkali metals react with water?

$$H_2$$

What type of reaction is $AX + BY \rightarrow AY + BX$?

Double Displacement

In a combustion reaction, what reactant must always be present?

$$O_2$$

What is the first step in stoichiometric calculations?

Balancing the Chemical Equation

What is the term for a reactant that remains after a reaction is completed?

Excess Reactant

How many atoms are in one mole of sodium compared to one mole of aluminum?

The same number ($6.02 \times 10^{23}$)

How do you calculate the molar mass of a compound?

Sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the compound

What is the substance that determines the extent of a reaction and the amount of product?

Limiting Reactant

What is the empirical formula of glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$)?

$$CH_2O$$

What law describes the relationship between $H_2O$ and $H_2O_2$?

Law of Multiple Proportions

What is the formula to find the number of possible mole ratios in a reaction with $n$ substances?

$$n(n-1)$$

If you have 4 substances in a reaction, how many mole ratios are possible?

$$12$$

How do you calculate percent yield?

(Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) $\times 100$

Which term refers to the number of waves that pass a specific point in one second?

Frequency

What is the unit for measuring wave frequency?

Hertz ($Hz$)

What are light quanta called?

Photons

Which property is a 'fingerprint' used to identify an element?

Atomic emission spectrum

Do all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum?

Yes, the speed of light ($C$)

What is the relationship between photon energy and frequency?

Directly proportional ($E = hf$)

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

Inverse relationship

What is the emission of electrons from a metal surface due to electromagnetic radiation impact?

Photoelectric effect

What values can principal quantum numbers ($n$) take?

Positive integers ($1, 2, 3...$)

Which radiation has the shortest wavelength and highest frequency?

Gamma rays

What happens when an electron transitions from a higher energy level to a lower one?

Energy (light) is emitted

What does Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle state?

It is impossible to simultaneously determine the position and velocity of an electron

In the equation $\lambda = h/mv$, what does $\lambda$ represent?

Wavelength