CH 15.1-15.8 Vocab

Developmental Psychopathology

a field focused on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur

Separation Anxiety Disorder

childhood disorder characterized by unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (in the context of childhood psychopathology)

emphasizes the use of positive reinforcement and exposure procedures for the effective treatment fo anxiety symptoms in young children

Internalizing Disorders

the focus of the symptoms is on what is happening inside the person; anxiety and depressive disorders are commonly referred to as these

Externalizing Disorders

disorders characterized by symptoms focused outside the person, such as engagement in disruptive and impulsive behavior

Juvenile Delinquency

legal term used to refer to illegal acts committed by minors

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

childhood disorder that appears by age 6 and is characterized by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law

Conduct Disorder (CD)

childhood and adolescent disorders that can appear by age 9 and are marked by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law

Cohesive Family Model

family-group-oriented approach where ODD and CD are conceptualized as being reinforced and maintained by ineffective parenting practices

Parent Management Training

an approach in which the clinician teaches the parents how to effectively prompt and reinforce prosocial behaviors while ignoring aggressive or antisocial behaviors

Enuresis

bed-wetting; involuntary discharge of urine after the age of expected continence (age 5)

Imipramine

antidepressant drug sometimes used to treat enuresis; may lessen the deepest stages of sleep to light sleep to allow the child to recognize bodily needs more effectively

Intranasal Desmopressin (DDAVP)

hormone replacement medication sometimes used to help children with enuresis; increases urine concentration, decreases urine volume, and therefore reduces the need to urinate

Encopresis

disorder in children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

a group of disorders in the DSM-V that are typically manifested in early childhood

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

disorder of childhood characterized by difficulties that interfere with task-oriented behavior, such as impulsivity, excessive motor activity, and difficulties in sustaining attention

Ritalin (methylphenidate)

central nervous system stimulant often used to treat ADHD

Pemoline

drug, similar to Ritalin, used to treat ADHD; has less adverse side effects that Ritalin

Strattera (atomoxetine)

a medication used in the treatment of ADHD that is a noncontrolled treatment option that can be obtained readily

Adderall

a habit-forming drug comprised of a combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine

Autism Spectrum Disorder

pervasive developmental disorder beginning in infancy and involving a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language, perception, and motor development, defective reality testing, and social withdrawl

Social Understanding

the ability to attend to social cues from others

De Novo Mutations

mutations that occur in the egg or sperm and are passed on to every cell in the child’s body, despite not appearing in the parents’ DNA

Tic

a persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm, usually limited to a localized muscle group, often of the facial muscles

Tourette’s Disorder

extreme tic disorder involving uncontrollable multiple motor and vocal patterns

Coprolalia

a complex vocal tic that involves the uttering of obscenities

Habit Reversal Training (HRT)

behavioral intervention that has been used to effectively treat tics; involves several sequential elements: awareness training, relaxation training, development of incimpatible responses, cognitive therapy and action modification

Learning Disorders

a set of disorders that reflect deficits in academic performance

Dyslexia

impairments of the ability to read

Phonics Instruction

involves teaching children letter-sound correspondence as well as how to decode and create syllables

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

significant impairment in general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning and is obvious during the developmental period

Hypoxia

lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain stemming from delayed breathing or other causes

Down Syndrome

form of moderate-to-severe intellectual disability associated with a chromosomal abnormality and typically accompanied by characteristic physical features

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

type of intellectual disability resulting from a baby’s lack of a liver enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods

Macrocephaly

rare type of intellectual disability characterized by and increase in the size and weight of the brain, enlargement of the skull, visual impairment, convulsions, and other neurological symptoms resulting from abnormal growth of glial cells that form the supporting structure for brain tissue

Microcephaly

type of intellectual disability resulting from impaired development of the brain and a consequent failure of the cranium to attain normal size

Hydrocephaly

relatively rare condition in which the accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull

Mainstreaming or “Inclusion Programming”

placement of children with intellectual disabilities in regular school classrooms for all or part of the day