Religion Foundation and Central-South American Unit Review

Dharma

The concept of holding steady in Hindu traditions.

Karma

The self-correcting force of Dharma; actions have consequences across lives.

Samsara

The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

An-Atman

The Buddhist concept of no-self.

Atman

The individual self or soul in Hindu traditions.

Vedas

The oldest Hindu religious texts.

First Noble Truth (Buddhism)

All life involves suffering (dukkha).

Second Noble Truth (Buddhism)

Desire or craving (tanha) causes suffering.

Third Noble Truth (Buddhism)

Suffering ends through Nirvana, which is the extinguishing of desire.

Fourth Noble Truth (Buddhism)

The Middle Way ends desire by leading a temperate life.

Theravada Buddhism

The oldest Buddhist tradition, focusing primarily on monastic devotion.

Tonantzin

The Aztec fertility goddess worshipped as an earth mother.

Transubstantiation

The Catholic belief that bread and wine literally become Christ's body and blood.

Glossolalia

The practice of speaking in tongues in Pentecostal traditions.

First Tepeyac Pilgrimage Mass

A special Mass held to honor the accumulated pain of the female pilgrims.

Virgin of Guadalupe

A syncretic image blending the Aztec goddess Tonantzin and the Virgin Mary.

Origin of Pentecostalism

The convergence of the 19th-century Healing and Holiness Movements.

Triple Consciousness

Navigating three social locations: white America, first-generation immigrants, and other US-born Latinos.

Moksha

Liberation from samsara, the cycle of rebirth.

Brahman

The ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy.

Nyaya School

A Hindu philosophy emphasizing that correct knowledge, logic, and reason lead to liberation.

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who left luxury, encountered suffering, and became the Buddha.

Dukkha

The Buddhist term for suffering.

Tanha

The Buddhist term for craving or desire.

Nirvana

The freedom from suffering achieved by extinguishing desire.

The Middle Way

A balanced Buddhist lifestyle avoiding extreme pleasure and extreme self-denial.

American Born Chinese (Theme)

A book showing how ancient myths continue to shape identity and race in America.

Bhagat Singh Thind Case (1923)

Supreme Court ruling that denied citizenship to Indian immigrants, declaring them legally non-white.

National Origins Act (1924)

A law restricting immigration to favor Western Europeans while limiting others.

Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)

A law reopening U.S. immigration from non-European countries, boosting Asian and Latino populations.

Ethnic Tradition

A religious practice directly tied to a specific cultural or ethnic group.

Convert Tradition

A religious practice adopted by outsiders from different cultural backgrounds.

The Seven Catholic Sacraments

Baptism, confirmation, eucharist, reconciliation, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony.

Catholic view of Mary and Saints

Mary is Mother of God; saints act as role models and intercessors.

Aztec view of Death

The deceased remain active, communal members who can intermediate with the divine.

Spanish Conquest of Tenochtitlán

Led by Hernán Cortés, establishing Spanish control and spreading Catholicism.

Día de los Muertos

A Latino holiday blending indigenous Aztec and Spanish Catholic ancestor traditions.

National Parishes

Parishes created for specific immigrant groups to preserve their language and traditions.

Vatican II (1962-1965)

An ecumenical council aimed at modernizing the Roman Catholic Church.

PADRES

A group founded in 1969 to fight discrimination against Hispanic clergy and Catholics.

Patrick Flores

The first Mexican-American bishop appointed in U.S. history.

Liberation Theology

A movement emphasizing God's concern for the poor and active resistance to oppression.

Evangelicalism: Conversion

The emphasis on being "born again."

Evangelicalism: Biblicism

The belief that the Bible is the ultimate authority.

Evangelicalism: Crucicentrism

A theological focus on Jesus' crucifixion and atonement.

Evangelicalism: Activism

The dedication to sharing the gospel.

Francisco Olazábal

A Latino Pentecostal leader who blended Christianity with traditional healing.