Anatomy test 3

Vertebral column

Contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal bones

Functions of the vertebral column

Support body weight, transmit forces through pelvis to lower limbs, carry and position head, brace and help manoeuvre the upper limbs and protect spinal cord

Cervical curve

Lumbar curve

Lordosis

Kyphosis

Scoliosis

Body of vertebrae

Vertebral arch

Pedicle

Lamina

Vertebral foramen

Transverse processes

Spinous process

Articular facet

Atlanto-occipital joint

Creates a 'yes' motion, between C1 and skull

Atlanto-axis joint

Creates a 'no' motion, between C1 and C2

Cervical

Neck, 7 vertebrae, small vertebral body, transverse foramen

Thoracic

Chest/upper back, vertebrocostal articulations, long spinous process facing down

Lumbar

Lower back, large bean shaped body, transverse process is long, spinous process faces back

Sacral and coccygeus

5 fused sacral vertebrae and 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

Typical vertebrae have how many joints?

6 joints, 4 synovial, 2 symphyses

Zygapophyseal joints

Cervical zygapophyseal joints

Allows flexion and extension

Thoracic zygapophyseal joints

Allows rotation

Lumbar zygapophyseal joints

Allows flexion/extension

Intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae

Annulus fibrous of intervertebral disc

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

Afferent

Sensory

Efferent

Motor

Posterior roots

Fibres carry sensory information

Anterior roots

Fibres carry motor information

Posterior ramus

Anterior ramus

Spinal meninges

3 protective sheaths around spinal cord and brain

Pia mater

Innermost layer of the meninges

Arachnoid mater

Middle layer of the meninges

Dura mater

Outermost layer of the meninges

Thoracolumbar fascia

Sheet of connective tissue on lower portion of the back

Lateral flexion of the spine

Extension of the spine

Flexion of the spine

Rotation of the spine

Erector spinae

Extends vertebral column

Muscles of the erector spinae

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Ilicostalis

Spine extension and lateral flexion (unilateral)

Longissimus

Extends spine

Spinalis

Extends vertebral column and allows lateral flexion (unilateral)

Muscles that lie anterior to the spine

Diaphragm, anterior lumbar vertebrae, quadratis lumborum, tsoas major and minor, iliocostalis

Abdominal muscles

Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique

Transversus abdominus

Compress abdomen

Internal oblique

Compresses abdomen, flexes trunk, rotates trunk (unilateral)

External oblique

Compresses abdomen, flexes trunk, rotates trunk (unilateral)

Rectus abdominus

Flexes trunk

Cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Thorax

Protects vital organs, resists intrathoracic pressure during respiration, attachment for upper limbs and support weight of upper limb, attachment for muscles of thorax and arm

What do the superior 7 ribs articulate with?

Sternum

Superior thoracic aperture

Inferior thoracic aperture

Sternum

Manubrium

Clavicle and 1st ribs attach

Sternal angle

Ridge between manubrium and body at second rib

Xiphoid process

Costovertebral joint

Costotransverse joint

Sternocostal joint

Costochondral joint

Costal cartilage of 1st ribs

Superior lobe of lungs

Brachiocephalic veins

Carotid artery

Subclavian artery

Trachea

Esophagus

Sympathetic trunks

Paired bundles of nerves and ganglia that run parallel, length of the spine

Phrenic nerve C3, 4 and 5

Motor, sensory, sympathetic nerves

Vagus CX

Parasympathetic to organs

Thoracic duct

Structures that run through the superior thoracic aperture

Sympathetic trunks, phrenic nerve C3, 4 and 5, vagus CX, thoracic duct

Thoraco-abdominal diaphragm

Draws central tendon down (inspiration)

Structures that pass through the diaphragm

Inferior vena cava, esophagus, descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygusvein, sympathetic chains

External intercostals

Aids inspiration, elevates ribs

Internal intercostals

Aid forced expiration, depress ribs

Sternocleidomastoid

Rotate head, flex neck, elevates ribcage (inhalation)

Scalene muscles

Inhalation

Abdominal muscles

Expiration

Upper respiratory system

The nose is lined with mucous membranes and hair. Allows the air to become moist, warm and clean. The medial walls undulate and cause air to whirl as it passes

Pharynx

Shared tube to posterior to nose and mouth, for air and food

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Hard palate

Soft palate

Epiglottis

Covers trachea during swallowing

Larynx

Changes shape to make sounds

Mediastinum

Contains trachea, bronchi, heart, nerves and esophagus

Lungs

Spongy organs, site for gas exchange, left has 2 lobes, right has 3 lobes