Praxis II 5038 made from ETS practice exam

Sonnet

fourteen lines in length, has the requisite rhyme scheme, and is written in iambic pentameter.

Ode

a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter.

Ballad

Anonymous narrative poems; the ballad stanza is a four-line stanza of alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines with a rhyme of abab or abcb. a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture.

Elegy

a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.

Chorus

or refrain, line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse

persona

the way you behave, talk, etc., with other people that causes them to see you as a particular kind of person : the image or personality that a person presents to other people

genre

a particular type or category of literature or art

protagonist

main character

antagonist

opposing character

Ayn Rand

Anthem deals mainly with the main character's struggle to break free of his collectivist society and become an individual.

Chinua Achebe

Things Fall Apart

William Golding

Lord of the Flies

Toni Morrison

The Bluest Eye; Beloved

Amy Tan

The Joy Luck Club

Alice Walker

The Color Purple

Maxine Hong Kingston

The Woman Warrior

Zora Neale Hurston

Their Eyes Were Watching God; Sweat (1926)

Anticipation Guide

a series of questions that students are asked to respond to (usually by marking "Agree" or "Disagree") before a particular unit or lesson is begun. After the unit or lesson, the students review their answers to the anticipation guide and reflect on what they know or understand better.

Semantic feature analysis

strategy that uses a grid to help kids explore how sets of things are related to one another. By completing and analyzing the grid, students are able to see connections, make predictions and master important concepts. This strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills.

Reciprocal teaching

an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting.

Background building

the knowledge students have, learned both formally in the classroom as well as informally through life experiences.

Classic Haiku

five syllables in the first line, seven in the second, and five in the third. The second line in this poem is short one syllable.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

an American novelist, Dark Romantic, and short story writer. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. The House of the Seven Gables, Twice-Told Tales, The Scarlet Letter.

Joseph Conrad

wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive, inscrutable universe.

considered an early modernist, though his works still contain elements of 19th-century realism. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many authors, including T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Graham Greene, and Salman Rushdie

James Fenimore Cooper

The Last of the Mohicans. prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century.

His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature.

Both "Hawkeye" and "Leather-Stocking" were nicknames of Natty Bumppo, the pioneer hero of five novels by James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851), known collectively as the Leather-Stocking Tales.

Herman Melville

American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period best known for Typee (1846), a romantic account of his experiences in Polynesian life, and his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851). He developed a complex, baroque style: the vocabulary is rich and original, a strong sense of rhythm infuses the elaborate sentences, the imagery is often mystical or ironic, and the abundance of allusion extends to Scripture, myth, philosophy, literature, and the visual arts.

Dashiell Hammett

Sam Spade is an old American type brought up to date, Hawkeye become private eye with fedora and street smarts instead of leather stockings and wood lore, his turf the last frontier of San Francisco.

William Shakespeare

English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.[2] He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon." Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth,

John Keats

Romanticism. English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, and was one of the five Fireside Poets.

Edgar Allan Poe

"Annabel Lee" about a lost love.

Alliteration

the use of words that begin with the same sound near one another (as in wild and woolly or a babbling brook )

Personification

the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things

Iambic pentameter

type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet". William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets.

Metaphor

a word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show or suggest that they are similar; an object, activity, or idea that is used as a symbol of something else

Assonance

the use of words that have the same or very similar vowel sounds near one another (as in "summer fun" and "rise high in the bright sky")

William Wordsworth

"A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal" & "Prelude"

English Romantic poet who helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with Lyrical Ballads

Denotation

The definition of a word

Connotation

notions suggested by or associated with a word that go beyond the word's explicit, or denoted meaning.

epigram

a short and clever poem or saying

euphemism

a mild or pleasant word or phrase that is used instead of one that is unpleasant or offensive

Sue Monk Kidd

The Secret Life of Bees

Joyce Cary

Irish Novelist. Author of The Horse's Mouth

Mock epic

adopts the elevated style of the epic — including such epic conventions as invocations, formal diction, extended similes, lengthy descriptions of battles, and supernatural interventions — to treat trivial subjects. The disjunction between style and subject usually achieves a satirical effect.

Dramatic monologue

lines are spoken by a character whose personality, motives, and circumstances shape the way he or she tells a story and can, in turn, be inferred from the story told.

Testimonial

a strategy where a celebrity, an expert, or a satisfied customer endorses a product or an idea.

The Oxford English Dictionary

provides current, common meanings of a word, as well as history of the different ways a word has been used since its recorded entry into the language.

Third-person point of view

the author does not refer to himself or herself, suggesting objectivity in regard to the topic.

First person

the writer refers to himself using the personal pronoun "I"

rhetorical strategies

narration, definition, description, analysis of process

Compound sentence

consists of two or more independent clauses

Annotation

: a note added to a text, book, drawing, etc., as a comment or explanation

: the act of adding notes or comments to something : the act of annotating something

Gothic fiction

type of fiction that makes use of the grotesque, violent, mysterious, and supernatural. Well-known examples of Gothic fiction include Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto.

Mary Shelley

Frankenstein

Horace Walpole

The Castle of Otranto

Satire

a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad, etc. : humor that shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of a person, government, society, etc.

Irony

: the use of words that mean the opposite of what you really think especially in order to be funny

: a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected

Understatement

to say that (something) is smaller, less important, etc., than it really is

Hyperbole

an exaggeration; language that describes something as better or worse than it really is

narrative point of view

the perspective (or type of personal or non-personal "lens") through which a story is communicated

relative clauses

one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can't stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an "adjective clause" because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun.

passive voice

a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as Our troops defeated the enemy) appears as the subject of a sentence with passive voice (e.g. The enemy was defeated by our troops).

first person

uses the first person pronoun ("I"); and limits the narrative to personal experience, conjecture, and opinion

second person

The narrator addresses the protagonist as "you." Often, this kind of story has the narrator speaking to a younger version of their self. This point of view is very rare because it is extremely difficult to pull off. The reader may feel that they are the one spoken to, and will find it difficult to accept that they are doing the things the narrator tells them they are doing. If you choose to tell a story in second person, it is very important to make it clear to the reader who is being addressed, so they can trust in the teller and accept the story as given.

third person, limited

The narrator is able to see into the mind of a single character. Sometimes the point of view may zoom in so close to that character that the narrator begins to use that character's manner of speech and thought, and sometimes the narrator may step back to take a more objective view. This point of view is sort of the "default" in fiction -- it is the most common because it can be used the most effectively in the majority of situations. If there is no reason not to use a third person limited point of view, then it is probably the best choice (but you will find it useful to experiment before choosing the point of view for any given story; third person limited may often work, but it isn't always the best point of view. Don't be afraid to use other points of view, just make sure you have a reason for your choice). In longer forms like novels, third person limited can be made even more effective by changing the character that the point of view is limited to. You must always be sure the reader knows when you have switched points of view and who you have changed to, however. If you are going to use shifting third person points of view, it is often best to change at a chapter or section break, at least until you are proficient enough at it that you won't lose your reader.

third person, omniscient

The narrator knows everything; all thoughts, feelings, and actions may be related to the reader (or they may be withheld). The narrator conveys both what is happening in the scene and how the character is feeling

comma splice

the use of a comma to join two independent clauses. For example: It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark. Although acceptable in some languages and compulsory in others (e.g., Bulgarian or French), comma splices are usually considered style errors in English.

allusion

a statement that refers to something without mentioning it directly; an implied or indirect reference especially in literature

simile

a phrase that uses the words like or as to describe someone or something by comparing it with someone or something else that is similar

metonym

a figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with which it is associated (as "crown" in "lands belonging to the crown")

simple sentence

a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.

misplaced modifier

a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes. Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound awkward, ridiculous, or confusing.

subject-verb agreement

the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both need to be plural.

predicate

the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g., went home in John went home ).

Charles Dickens

Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, No Thoroughfare, The Frozen Deep, The Goblins, A Christmas Carol; English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era

complex sentence

a sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses

subordinate clause

a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause (e.g., "when it rang" in "she answered the phone when it rang").

conjunction

a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So).

compound-complex sentence

a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

modernist

a style of art, architecture, literature, etc., that uses ideas and methods which are very different from those used in the past; a self-conscious break with the past and a search for new forms of expression

absurdist

of, relating to, or characterized by the absurd or by absurdism; philosophy based on the belief that the universe is irrational and meaningless and that the search for order brings the individual into conflict with the universe

figurative language

words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are.

parallelism

the fact of being similar in development or form; repeated syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect

prepositions

a word or group of words that is used with a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object

metrics

a part of prosody that deals with metrical structure (see prosody)

realistic

a style of art or literature that shows or describes people and things as they are in real life

dialects

a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area and that uses some of its own words, grammar, and pronunciations

semantics

the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language; the meanings of words and phrases in a particular context

orthography

spelling

affixes

a letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to change its meaning : a prefix or suffix

cognates

having the same origin; related by descent from the same ancestral language

etymological development

the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By extension, the term "the etymology (of a word)" means the origin of the particular word.

dangling participle

a participle intended to modify a noun that is not actually present in the text. Adjectives ending in -ing (and sometimes -ed) are called participles

Old English

the language of the Anglo-Saxons (up to about 1150), a highly inflected language with a largely Germanic vocabulary, very different from modern English.

Middle English

the English language from circa 1150 to circa 1470

Elizabethan English

Between Middle English and Modern English (Shakespeare, King James Version of the Bible)

Early Modern English

the stage of the English language used from the beginning of the Tudor period until the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English in the late 15th century to the transition to Modern English

Beowulf

this epic and its shorter elegiac contemporaries, "The Wanderer" and "The Seafarer," were all originally written in Old English- a Germanic language that gave us some of our most basic, everyday words (e.g., "father," "give," and "day").

modifier

a word (such as an adjective or adverb) or phrase that describes another word or group of words; a word or phrase that makes specific the meaning of another word or phrase

run-on sentence