NEUR 375 Exam 3 Quizzes

Which factor contributes to complexity?

All of the above

Causal loops

Chaos

Mathematical intractability

All of the above

The sequence of firing of a set of neurons is from A to B to C, and then back to A. This is an example of ______.

Combinatorial explosion

Circular logic

Causal loop

Chaotic system

Causal loop

Higher levels of analysis are not easily reducible to lower levels because of ______.

Complexity of biological and neuronal systems

Higher levels have emergent properties that lower levels don't

Higher levels are realizable by lower levels in multiple ways

All of the above

All of the above

In a ______ repeating an experiment will never produce the exact same results.

emergent system

chaotic system

complex system

reductionistic system

chaotic system

According to the Laws of Behavior Genetics, ______.

all of the variation in human behavior is explained by genes and shared environment (family)

every single gene has a large effect on the behavior

some behavioral traits are explained exclusively by environment (zero heritability)

part of the variation in human behavior is not explained by either genes or shared environment (family)

part of the variation in human behavior is not explained by either genes or shared environment (family)

Which statement is correct?

All of the above

A symptom can be seen in multiple diseases

A protein can be encoded by several genes

A gene can encode several protein isoforms

All of the above

Which one is a condition of an endophenotype?

being state-dependent

being shared by multiple disorders

being seen only in the individual and not the family members

being heritable

being heritable

Which one is an example of an endophenotype in autism?

Increased density of synapses

Increased local connectivity / Decreased global connectivity

Excitation-Inhibition imbalance

All of the above

All of the above

Which statement is correct?

Most personality types have shared common genetic variants

Several psychiatric disorders have shared common genetic variants

Psychiatric disorders share genetic variants with most neurological disorders

Most neurological disorders have shared common genetic variants

Several psychiatric disorders have shared common genetic variants

In clinical practice, multiple diagnoses ------ be made as comorbid disorders, but the same symptom ------ be attributed to more than one disorder.

cannot - can

can - cannot

cannot - cannot

can - can

can - cannot

Which of the following is a type of evidence for schizophrenia and autism being disorders with opposite biology?

All of the above

Mutations in paternally-vs-maternally imprinted genes

Opposite CNVs (e.g. deletion vs. duplication) from the same loci

Opposite patterns of synaptic pruning and brain asymmetry

All of the above

Which statement is correct about the role of evolution in psychiatric disorders?

There is evidence that psychiatric disorders were more common in archaic humans

Many of the genes implicated in psychiatric disorders are those that have undergone changes in recent evolution of human brain

All psychiatric disorders are under negative selection

Non-coding regions do not play a role in evolution or in psychiatric disorders

Many of the genes implicated in psychiatric disorders are those that have undergone changes in recent evolution of human brain

When the environmental conditions are extremely unfavorable, most of the variability in a desirable outcome (e.g. IQ in humans or growth in plants) is determined by ______.

Environment

Genes

Both genes and environment

Neither genes nor environment

Environment

Which statement is correct?

A large majority of human genome is unique to humans

Only a small fraction of human genome is unique to humans

Humans don't share any genes with plants

Humans don't share any genes with bacteria

Only a small fraction of human genome is unique to humans

First neurons evolved in the earliest species of ______.

Mammals

Animals

Eukaryotes

Vertebrates

Animals

Which factor contributed to the success and complexity of mammals?

All are correct

Extinction of dinosaurs

Endothermy (warm-bloodedness)

High maternal investment

All are correct

Humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are very ______ genetically and very ______ behaviorally.

similar -- different

similar -- similar

different -- different

different -- similar

similar -- different

Which statement is correct about bipedalism?

It is a major cause of the obstetric dilemma

All are correct

Deforestation contributed to it

We were bipedal before we were humans

All are correct

Which one was an adaptive benefit of bipedalism?

Using hands to carry babies

Using hands for hunting

All of the above

Less exposure to sunlight

All of the above

What made ancestral humans very good at hunting?

Sharp teeth to kill animals

Sensitive sense of smell to find animals

Endurance running and exhausting game animals

Large muscles to wrestle animals

Endurance running and exhausting game animals

Human brain is the largest by ______.

Number of neurons in the cortex

Weight relative to body weight

Total number of neurons in the brain

Weight

Number of neurons in the cortex

Which feature of the human cortex did NOT significantly increase compared with other mammals?

Number of neurons

Number of layers

Area

Relative thickness

Relative thickness

Making composite tools (tools made by other tools) in early humans was a sign of fine motor control and coordination, which must have been partly due to the impact of ______.

Hippocampus

Prefrontal cortex

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Cerebellum

Which statement is correct about hemispheric lateralization?

Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres enabling coordination between them

All of the above

Hemispheres are different in their connectivity patterns

Language is a lateralized function

All of the above

Monkeys have alarm calls specific for snakes, leopards, and eagles. These alarm calls are not considered a form of language because ______.

Monkeys don't know what they are doing

Monkeys can never communicate about a predator which is not present "here and now"

Monkeys do not use words for those predators

Monkeys don't use grammar

Monkeys can never communicate about a predator which is not present "here and now"