Module 7

Multicellular

Organisms composed of multiple cells.

Eukaryotic

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic material.

Radial Symmetry

Body parts arranged around a central axis.

Bilateral Symmetry

Body can be divided into mirror-image halves along one plane.

Ectoderm

The germ layer that forms the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

The germ layer that forms muscles, bones, and circulatory system.

Endoderm

The germ layer that forms the digestive tract and associated organs.

Coelom

A true body cavity within the mesoderm.

Pseudocoelom

A cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm.

Acoelomate

An organism with no body cavity.

Segmentation

Division of the body into repeated parts.

Cephalization

Concentration of sensory and neural organs in the head.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Negative Feedback

A process that reverses changes to maintain homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

A process that amplifies responses.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces and lines cavities.

Connective Tissue

Supports and binds other tissues.

Muscle Tissue

Produces movement.

Nervous Tissue

Transmits signals.

Biological Adaptation

Changes in organisms that increase their chances of survival.

Aerobic Respiration

Pathway that requires oxygen to produce ATP.

Inflammatory Response

A key part of innate immunity to fight pathogens.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B-cells that neutralize pathogens.

Neurons

Cells that transmit signals in the nervous system.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers transmitting signals between neurons.

Action Potential

Electrical impulse that travels along a neuron.

Osmoregulators

Organisms that actively regulate their water/solute balance.

Internal Fertilization

A reproductive process where fertilization occurs inside the female's body.

Amniotic Egg

A type of egg that contains a protective environment for developing embryos.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Integration

The coordination of different systems to maintain homeostasis.

Glomerular Filtration

Process of filtering blood in the kidneys.

Neurons

Cells that transmit signals in the nervous system, responsible for processing and transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals.

Types of Neurons

Types include sensory neurons (detect stimuli), motor neurons (control muscles), and interneurons (connect other neurons).

Dendrites

Branch-like structures on neurons that receive signals from other neurons.

Axon

A long projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Myelin Sheath

A fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted via neurotransmitters.

Multicellular

Organisms made up of multiple cells that often work together to perform specific functions.

Eukaryotic

Cells characterized by the presence of a nucleus and various organelles.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that gain energy by consuming organic substances.

Radial Symmetry

An arrangement of body parts around a central axis.

Bilateral Symmetry

A body structure that can be divided into mirror-image halves along a single plane.

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that develops into the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that develops into muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

Endoderm

The innermost germ layer that develops into the digestive tract and related organs.

Coelom

A true body cavity that develops within the mesoderm.

Pseudocoelom

A cavity situated between the mesoderm and the endoderm.

Acoelomate

An organism that lacks a true body cavity.

Segmentation

The division of an organism's body into repetitive segments.

Cephalization

The concentration of sensory and neural structures in the head region.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that counteracts changes in the body to help restore equilibrium.

Positive Feedback

A process that intensifies responses in the body, often leading to a heightened effect.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines surfaces and cavities throughout the body.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue responsible for producing movement in the body.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue specialized for transmitting signals throughout the body.

Biological Adaptation

Characteristics that enhance the survival of an organism in its environment.

Aerobic Respiration

A metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to generate ATP from glucose.

Inflammatory Response

A natural immune response that aids in fighting off pathogens and promoting healing.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B-cells that bind to and neutralize pathogens.

Neurons

Cells responsible for transmitting signals in the nervous system, facilitating communication within the body.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transfer signals between neurons at synapses.

Action Potential

An electrical impulse that propagates along a neuron, enabling signal transmission.

Osmoregulators

Organisms that regulate their internal water and solute concentrations actively.

Internal Fertilization

The process where sperm fertilizes an egg within the female's body.

Amniotic Egg

A protective egg structure that supports the development of embryos in terrestrial environments.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

Integration

The process of coordinating various body systems to maintain homeostasis.

Glomerular Filtration

The initial stage in kidney function where blood is filtered to form urine.

Types of Neurons

Neurons classified into sensory (detect stimuli), motor (control bodily movement), and interneurons (connect other neurons).

Dendrites

Extensions of neurons that receive electrical impulses from other neurons.

Axon

The long projection of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Myelin Sheath

A protective fatty layer that surrounds axons, accelerating impulse transmission.

Synapse

The connection point between two neurons, facilitating signal transmission through neurotransmitters.

Reproductive System

The organ systems responsible for producing offspring, including structures specialized for gamete production and fertilization.

Hormonal Regulation

The process by which hormones modulate functions within the endocrine and reproductive systems.

Nervous System Components

Includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), which work together to process stimuli and coordinate responses.

Multicellular

Organisms made up of numerous interdependent cells that collaborate for specific functions.

Eukaryotic

Cells defined by the existence of a nucleus and various organelles.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that derive energy from consuming organic material.

Radial Symmetry

A body structure where parts are arranged around a central point.

Bilateral Symmetry

A type of body organization that allows for division into mirror-image halves along one axis.

Ectoderm

The outermost germ layer that gives rise to the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer responsible for forming muscles, skeletal structure, and the circulatory system.

Endoderm

The innermost germ layer that forms the digestive tract and related organs.

Coelom

A true body cavity that is present within the mesoderm.

Pseudocoelom

A fluid-filled cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm.

Acoelomate

An organism that lacks a true body cavity.

Segmentation

The process of dividing an organism's body into repetitive sections.

Cephalization

The concentration of sensory and neural organs in the anterior part of the organism.

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite fluctuations in the external environment.

Negative Feedback

A regulatory process that counteracts changes to restore balance in the body.

Positive Feedback

A process that enhances or amplifies responses and processes.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that lines surfaces and cavities throughout the body.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that provides support and connection for other tissues and organs.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that enables movement through contraction.

Nervous Tissue

Specialized tissue involved in transmitting signals throughout the body.