anatomy and phys week 1

Anatomy

structure/shape of human body

physiology

how the body and its parts function/work

How are anatomy and physiology always related

structure determines function

pathology

study of structural changes that lead to disease

pathophysiology

study of function and symptoms of a diseased organ

gross (macroscopic) anatomy

study of large structures, that are visible to the naked eye

Examples of macroscopic anatomy

Dissection, edoscopy, Xrays, MRI

Microscopic anatomy

study of smaller structures that can only be seem with a microscope

Developmental anatomy

Study of structural changes that occur throughout an individual’s life

how many levels of organization in the human body?

6

levels of organization

1. chemical (atoms,molecules)

2. cells

3. tissue

4. organs

5. organ system

6. organism

nomonic for remembering all 11 organ systems

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lymphatic system

function:

• returns leaked fluid back to blood

• disposes of debris in lymphatic stream

• houses white blood cells

Ex: lymph nodes, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels

Nervous system

• control system of the body

• responds to internal and external changes by activating proper muscles and glands

ex: brain, nerves, spinal cord, sensory recepter

Endocine system

• glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproducton, and nutirent use by body cells

ex: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

Respiratory system

• keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• removes carbon dioxide

• gaseous exchanges occur through walls of the air sacs of the lungs

ex: lungs, bronchus, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity

reproductive system

• production of offspring

• testis produce spem and male sex hormone

• ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

• fertilizatioon and development of fetus

• mammary glands produce breast milk

ex: vagina, scrotum, testis, uterus, prostate gland, ovaries, penis, mammary glands…

Dogestive system

• Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood

• indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

ex: anus, rectum, karge intestine, small intestine, stomach, esophagus, oral cativity

Muscular system

• locomotion

• facial expression

• maintaines posture

• produces heat

ex: skeletal muscles

urinary system

• eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from body

• regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

ex: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

skeletal system

• protects and supports body organs

• provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement

• blood cells are forms in bones

• stores minerals

ex:cartilage, bones, joints

integementary system

• forms external body covering

• protects deeper tissue from injury

• synthesizes vitamin D

• location of cutaneous receptors

• location of sweat and oil glands

ex: Skin

Cardiovascular system

• blood vessels transport blood

• heart pumps blood

Ex: heart, blood vessels

what are the 8 essentail functions for maintaining life

1. maintaining boundaries

2. movement

3. response to stimuli

4. digestion

5. metabolism

6. excretion

7. reproduction

8. growth

nemonic: MMR. MD ERG

Survival needs for human body

1. Nutrients

2. oxygen

3. appropriate body temp

4. atmospheric pressure

5. water

Goldilocks Principle: need just the right amount of each

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment within narrow limits, regardless of changing environmental conditions

Homeostatic imbalance

Disturbance or change in homeostasis that affects function

which control systems communicate during homeostasis?

Nervous system: electrical signs (fast)

Endocrine system: Hormonal/chemical signals (slow)

Negative Feedback

• Effect of response is to reduce or shut off the initial stimulus

• Moves variable back towards set point

Ex: heart rate, blood pressure, body temp

*Works like a thermostat

Positive Feedback

• Effect of response is to increase/amplify or the initial stimulus

• push variable farther from original value

Ex: heart attack due to restricted blood flow

anatomical position

• Standing up straight

• Feet parallel

• Hands & arms at sides with palms forward

Directional term: superior/ inferior

superior: above

inferior: below

Ex:

Nose is superior to chin

knee is inferior to hip

Directional term: Anterior(ventral) /Posterior (dorsal)

anterior: toward the front of the body

Posterior: towards back of the body

ex:

Sternum is anterior to the heart

Heart is posterior to the sternum

Directional Term: Medial/lateral

Medial: Closer to midline of the body

lateral: Farther from midline or closer to the sides of body

ex:

belly button is medial to the hips

The ears are lateral to the nose

directional term: proximal/distal

proximal: closer to the point where a limb attachesor center of body

distal: farther away from that attachment point or the center

ex:

the shoulder is proximal to the elbow because it is closer to the body's core.

fingers are distal to your wrist because they are further away from the main body

Directional terms: Superficial (external)/Deep (internal)

Superficial (external): closer to the body's surface

Deep (internal): further away from body surface or more internal

ex:

The skin is superficial to the skeleton

The lungs are deep to the ribcage

regional terms

• Axial

• Thoratic

• Abdominal

• Pelvic

• Appendicular

Body section

Cut through the body or organs along an imaginary line

(the plane)

• Sections are made along planes like you’d cut along a dotted

Saggital plane

Divides the body into right and left halves

Frontal plane

divides the body into anterior/posterior (“front/back”) parts

Transverse/cross plane

divides the body into superior/inferior (“top/bottom”) parts along the horizontal plane

Oblique plane

divides the body diagonally

Body cavities: Dorsal

Dorsal: back or upper side

• cranial: space within skull

• spinal: From cranial cavity to end of spinal cord

Body cavity: ventral

Ventral": contains visceral(internal organs)

• thoracic cavity; heart and lungs, divided from abdominal by the diaphragm

• abdominopelvic cavity: Digestive, reproductive, and most urinary organs

Serous membranes

Function: produce slippery serous fluid

• 2 layers:

  • parietal: lining body cavities

  • Visceral: covering internal organs

• named by: Lining location + cavity term

examples:

Membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity:Parietal peritoneum

Membrane covering surface of heart: visceral pericardium

Abdominal Regions

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominal regions

Right:

Right hypochondriac region

Right Lumbar region

Right iliac region

Middle:

Epigastric region

Umbilical region

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Left:

Left hypochondriac region

left lumbar region

Left Iliac region