ethnicity external

Sewell

lack of tough love- black boys underachieve due to lack of ‘tough love’ fathering, in its absence, peer groups of other fatherless boys and street gangs provide alternative ‘perverse loyalty and love’, reinforcing anti-school masculinity.

Moynihan

cycle of poverty - lone-mother families are seen as lacking male role models and financial stability; this leads to poor socialisation, which causes educational failure than then repeats across generations

Bereiter and Engleman

language deficit - low-income children use less complex, ungrammatical language, which they argue puts them at a disadvantage in school where standard language is required

Palmer

material deprivation - minority ethnic groups are more likely to face unemployment and homelessness, meaning they experience higher poverty levels that limit educational success

Rex

racial discrimination - racism in housing and society leads to social exclusion, forcing minority ethnic groups into poorer living conditions than white people of similar class

Wood et al

Employment discrimination - field experiment showed ethnic minority applicants were significantly less likely to be offered interviews compared to identical white applicants, proving discrimination in hiring

Murray

lone-parent families - higher rates of lone-parent households, especially absent fathers are linked to lower achievement in black caribbean boys due to lack of role models.