KNES 355 final

Klinefelter’s syndrome

extra x chromosome on male

Turner’s syndrome

absence of sex chromosome on female

androgen insensitivity

genetically male but deficient in androgen receptors in target tissues

5 alpha reductase enzyme deficiency

gene-end product deficiency (can’t produce testosterone)

liver

IGF-1

thyroid

thyroxin and triiodothyronine

adrenal cortex

cortocoids and anabolic steroids

ovaries

estradiol and progesterone

zone 1: resting zone

cells are relatively inactive

zone 2: proliferating zone

chondrocytes rapidly divide and produce collagen

zone 3: hypertrophic zone

cells increase in size and organize into columns

zone 4: terminal zone

chondrocytes stop producing collagen and die

calcification occurs

where does formation modeling occur

periosteal surface

where does resorption modeling occur

endocortical surface

adolescence characterized by

rapid bone growth and increases in strength

aging characterized by

thinning of cortex, reduced bone density and strength

Wolff’s law

bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading

buckle fracture

most common fx

bone compression

greenstick fracture

cortex fails on the tension side

which zone of the bone is the weakest

hypertrophic

type 1 - slipped fx

epiphysis separates from metaphysis

type 2 - above

fx along growth plate with attached metaphyseal bony fragment

type 3 - lower

fx from joint surface to the growth plate

type 4 - through

fx continues across the growth plate into the metaphysis

type 5 - rammed

compression of the growth plate

sever’s disease

affects growth plate at the back of the heel

attachment point for achilles tendon

osgood-schlatter disease

swelling and irritation of the growth plate at the proximal tibia

AIIS avulsion

separation of bone resulting from pull of muscle-tendon unit

under hypothalamus and pituitary control

metabolism

growth and maturation

reproduction

homeostasis

what does FSH lead to in boys

spermatogenesis

what does LH do in boys

stimulate leydig cells in testes

what is spermatogenesis

diploid spermatogonia differentiate into haploid spermatozoa

DHEA and DHEAS

tells skin to sweat more, increase oil, odour, and hair

osteoblast

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

bone reabsorbing cells

osteocytes

mature bone cells

endochondral formation

bone replaces cartilage

appositional growth

direct production of bone without cartilage transition