JMU Nutrition 280 Final Exam torisky

Vitamins A, D, E, K

vitamins: fat soluble

B1 thiamine, B2 riboflavin, B3 niacin, B5 pantothenic acid,

B6, B7 biotin, B9 folate, and B12

vitamins: water soluble

vision, cell differentiation, maturation and reproduction, skin and epithelial cell integrity, gene regulation, dismantles bone

Vitamin A: functions

food source and in body

vitamin A: forms

retinyl (animal) and beta-carotene (plant)

vitamin A: food source form

retinol (cell reproduction), retinal (vision), and retinoic acid (growth regulation)

Vitamin A: forms in the body

protein, diary, fruits and veggies

Vitamin A: Food sources

beef liver or cooked carrots

Vitamin A number 1 food source

hormone structure is similar to cholesterol, immune cell maturation, blood calcium regulation

Vitamin D: functions

rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults)

Vitamin D: Deficiency

delayed growth, bow legs, weakness, and pain in spine, pelvis, and legs

Rickets/Osteomalacia symptoms

lack of exposure to the sun, extreme vegetarian, exclusive breast feeding for a long time

Rickets: factors

sunlight, protein, dairy

Vitamin D: sources

salmon

vitamin D number 1 source

blood clotting (2 proteins) and bone function (proteins)

vitamin K: function

anticoagulant targets vitamin K proteins

vitamin K: inhibitor

essential for synthesis of prothrombin (inactive) into thrombin (active)

vitamin K: blood clotting process

intestinal bacteria produce 10 percent of DRA, veggies and proteins

Vitamin K: sources

antibiotics, uncontrolled bleeding and sterile fetal gut

vitamin K: interference

supplements - red blood cell breakage causing yellow skin

vitamin K: toxicity

jaundice and brain damage

Vitamin K: toxicity symptoms

antioxidant, protects cell membranes, supports red and white blood cells, and nerve development

Vitamin E: functions

it is rare but its usually secondary to fat malabsorption causing neuromuscular problems and ruptured red blood cells

Vitamin E: deficiency

veggies and grains

Vitamin E: sources

sunflower seeds and almonds

vitamin e number 1 source

coenzyme energy metabolism, appetite and nervous system

Thiamin B1: function

beriberi - I cannot

Thiamin B1: deficiency

muscle wasting and nerve damage

Beriberi symptoms

Alcohol impairs absorption

Thiamin B1: inhibitors

grains and proteins

Thiamin B1: food source

pork

Thiamin B1: number one food source

coenzyme in energy metabolism, vision, and healthy skin

Riboflavin B2: function

cracks on lips and corners of mouth, swelling of mouth/throat

Riboflavin B2: deficiency

veggies, grains, protein, and dairy

Riboflavin: food sources

milk

riboflavin: primary food source

coenzyme in energy metabolism, skin, nervous system, and digestive system

Niacin B3: function

pellagra

Niacin B3: deficiency

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

Pellagra symptoms

Tryptophan

Niacin B3: precursor

niacin flush

Niacin B3: toxicity

a temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation, headache and reddened face, arms, and chest.

niacin flush

veggies, grains, and proteins

Niacin B3: food sources

chicken

Niacin B3 primary source

Coenzyme for energy metabolism gene synthesis

Folate B9: function

megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects

Folate B9: deficiency

50 percent

Folate absorption (dietary)

85-100 percent

Folic acid absorption (synthetic)

oranges, pineapple, papaya juice, and dried beans

synthetic folic acid exceptions

fruits, veggies, grains, and proteins

Folate: food sources

lentils

folate primary source

coenzyme metabolic activity

pantothenic acid B5: function

widely distributed in foods

pantothenic acid B5: food sources

protein and grains

pantothenic acid primary source

coenzyme in the metabolism

Vitamin B6 function

anemia, impaired immune function

Vitamin B6 deficiency

nerve damage

Vitamin B6 toxicity

veggies and grains

vitamin B6 food sources

chicken

vitamin B6 primary source

Coenzyme in protein metabolism and formation blood protein

vitamin b12: function

anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

found naturally only in animal protein and dairy

vitamin b12 food sources

trout

vitamin b12 primary food source

coenzymes in energy metabolism and gene expression

biotin b7: function

uncooked egg whites inhibits absorption

Biotin B7: inhibitor

some produced in intestines and proteins

Biotin B7: sources

liver, egg yokes

Biotin B7 primary source

collagen, immune response, assists in iron absorption, antioxidant

Vitamin C: function

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency

anemia, bleeding gums, weakness, fatigue, and rash

Scurvy symptoms

fruits and veggies

Vitamin C food sources

orange juice and kiwi

vitamin c primary food source

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

vitamin C toxicity

certain drug actions and biochemical tests

vitamin c inhibits

nutrient, transporter, solvent, cleanser, shock absorbers, temperature regulator, and chemical reactant

water: function

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and kidneys

water: thirst signal

high concentration of dissolved minerals calcium, and magnesium

hard water

high concentration of dissolved mineral sodium

soft water

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

major minerals

iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum

trace minerals

fluid and electrolyte balance, PH balance, nerve transmission and blood pressure

Sodium functions

table salt, processed foods

sodium: dietary sources

hypertension

sodium health risks

high blood pressure

Hypertension

Lifestyle (weight loss, diet, exercise, low alcohol) or medication

hypertension treatment

maintains fluid and electrolyte balance

potassium: function

diuretics

potassium inhibitor

possibly fatal

Potassium deficiency

kidney disease or failure

potassium toxicity

alcoholics, extreme dieters and athletes with a poor appetite

potassium deficiency: factors

Bone and teeth, blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, digestion, hormones

calcium: function

osteoporosis

Calcium deficiency

bone fractures, loss of bone mass

osteoporosis symptoms

dairy, salmon, leafy greens

calcium food sources

Adequate dietary intake, Weight-bearing physical activity, Avoid substances

osteoporosis prevention

bones, teeth, enzyme cofactor, center of chlorophyll

magnesium: function

dark leafy greens

Magnesium food sources

bones and teeth, ph balance, phospholipids

phosphorus: function

widespread in foods

Phosphorus food sources

bones and teeth

fluoride function

cost effective primary prevention of dental decay

Benefits of water fluoridation