Burg/Neth/HRE

Why were the Netherlands important to England’s economy in the late 15th century?

Most English exports (especially cloth) went through ports like Antwerp and Bruges, which were under Burgundian control.

Who was Margaret of Burgundy and why was she a threat?

Sister of Richard III & she supported Warbeck and Simnel

Which important allies supported Margaret of Burgundy?

Maximilian I and his son Philip

Why did relations between England and Burgundy sour?

Maximilian and Philip were offering to hospitality Perkin Warbeck

How did Henry respond to this?

Henry gambled that putting an embargo on English trade with Burgundy would ease the matter

Why did Henry’s embargo conflict with his aims

- Couldn’t encourage trade with an embargo
- Doesn’t secure dynasty as it destabalises relations with powers

How did the embargo show that securing the dynasty was the most important?

Henry sacrificed the commercial interests of London and merchants, decreased his popularity

How did Relations improve?

Once Perkin Warbeck let Burgundy, the Intercursus Magnus was signed in 1496 and ended the trade embargo

What happened to Philip & Juana of Spain in 1506?

A storm forced them to take refuge in England

How did Henry utilise Philip and Juana taking refuge

Made them sign the Treaty of Windsor

When was the Treaty of Windsor

1506

Terms of the Treaty of Windsor

- The Intercursus Malus
- the return of the Earl of Suffolk
- A proposed marriage alliance for Henry VII and Philip's sister, Archduchess Margaret
- Henry's recognition of Joanna and Philip as rulers of Castile

What was the Intercursus Malus

A deal that gave English merchants very low tarrifs in Burgundy & handing Earl of Suffolk over

Did the Intercursus Malus ever go through?

No

Successes

Trade	Intercursus Magnus (1496) secured strong, lasting commercial ties.
Dynastic Security	Removal of Yorkist threat from Margaret of Burgundy and capture of Edmund de la Pole (1506).
Diplomacy	Treaty of Windsor (1506) demonstrated Henry’s shrewdness and flexibility.
Foreign Influence	England achieved recognition and respect from major European powers.

Failures

Trade	The trade embargo (1493) damaged the English economy short-term.
Dynastic Security	Early years were dominated by Burgundian support for pretenders (Simnel, Warbeck).
Diplomacy	The Intercursus Malus (1506) was never enforced and damaged his reputation.
Foreign Influence	Burgundy and Maximilian often acted unpredictably; Henry’s influence was limited.