Post-Translational Modifications

post translational modification

alter the properties of the amino acid, which can alter the structure and function of the protein

phosphorylation

serine, threonine, tyrosine

hydroxylation

proline, lysine

acetylation

lysine, serine, threonine

methylation

lysine, glutamate

carboxylation

glutamate

AMP-ylation

threonine, tyrosine

N/O-glycosylation

asparagine, serine, threonine

disulfide bond formation

cysteine

ubiquitylation

lysine

SUMO-ylation

lysine

deamidation

asparagine, glutamine

histone acetylation

acetylases transfer acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to lysine residues on histones

weakens the interaction between histones and DNA, leading to a less condensed and more accessible chromatin structure

deacetylases remove acetyl groups from lysine residues and cause chromatin to compact

erythropoietin glycosylation

blood-stimulating hormone erythropoietin has N- and O-linked oligosaccharides contributing to its function and stability

ubiquitylation process

addition of a small protein called [name] on to other proteins: helps with protein degradation

proteolysis process

proteases enzymatically hydrolyze peptide bonds in substrate proteins