Andrew Connell MUS 203 Final Study Guide

There are ________________ latinos in the US (60% Mexican)

60 million

Mestizo culture

mix of European and indigenous cultures (mainly Latin America, dominant culture in Mexico)

Mexican Son - mestizo culture

Spanish & African influences

Spanish: instruments (guitar/violin), functional harmony, literary forms (copla + décima)

African: polyrythm, sesquialtera

Poetic forms

Copla: 4-6-8 syllable lines (most common literary form of Mexican son)

Décima: 10-line rhyme scheme

Sesquialtera: alternating or overlapping duple + triple meter

Poetic forms

Copla: 4-6-8 syllable lines (most common literary form of Mexican son)

Décima: 10-line rhyme scheme

Sesquialtera: alternating or overlapping duple + triple meter

Sesquialtera

alternating or overlapping duple + triple meter

Son Jarocho (music festival)

Traditional ensemble instruments (3):

Arpa - (harp-fast, intricate plucking pattern)

Jarana - (small 8string guitar/rhythm instrument)

Requinto - (small 4-5 string guitar)

Zapateado - intricate footwork (dance of Son Jarocho)

Tarima platform - raised platform that amplifies steps

"La Bamba" (most famous Son Jarocho song, first performed in 1755)

Richie Valens (top 40 hit - 1958)

Pioneer of Latin rock, 1st Mexican Rockstar, transformed Mexican folk into rock rhythm/beat, pioneer of Spanish-speaking rock movement

Arpa

harp-fast, intricate plucking pattern

Jarana

small 8 string guitar/rhythm instrument

Requinto

small 4-5 string guitar

Zapateado

intricate footwork (dance of Son Jarocho)

Tarima platform - raised platform that amplifies steps

Mexican son ("sound" or "song") - mestizo culture is a mixture of

Spanish & African influences

Poetic forms

Sesquialtera

"La Bamba"

(most famous Son Jarocho song, first performed in 1755)

Mariachi (originates from Jalisco - ensemble, party or musician)

Son jalisciense (term for Mariachi from state in southwest Mexico - Jalisco)

Traditional ensemble: Violin, Vihuela (5 string guitar), Guitarrón (4 string bass guitar that sits on stomach)

Also trumpets used; accompany singers and dance

Trajes de charro: costume based on Mexican horseman (both women/male)

Richie Valens (Pioneer of Latin rock, 1st Mexican Rockstar) sang the best adaption of

"La Bamba" (most famous Son Jarocho song, first performed in 1755)

it was a (top 40 hit - 1958)

transformed Mexican folk into rock rhythm/beat, pioneer of Spanish-speaking rock movement

New Son Jarocho

Las Cafeteras - band from LA

Instrumentation: requinto, multiple jaranas, jawbone, Cajon, marimobola

jawbone (instrument)

an idiophone percussion instrument made from the jawbone of a donkey, horse or mule cattle, producing a powerful buzzing sound

Cajon (box shaped drum)

a box-shaped percussion instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front or rear faces (generally thin plywood) with the hands, fingers, or sometimes implements such as brushes, mallets, or sticks

marimobola

consisting of a set of wooden bars struck with yarn or rubber mallets to produce musical tones

Vihuela

A small 5 stringed, strummed folk guitar, a key instrument in the mariachi ensemble.

Guitarrón

A large, plucked, four- or five-string bass guitar with an expanded belly that serves as the bass instrument in a mariachi ensemble.

Bolero

romantic love ballad with Cuban origins

Association with Mexican film stars- popularized it through musical cowboy films

Tejano (Tex-Mex)

Border songs, strong German influence, Polka

Conjunto

(quartet w/ Tejano music associated w/ border)

Accordion, Bajo sexto

Flaco Jimenez - his father credited w/ inventing Tejano style; connection to world of pop

Trajes de charro

costume based on Mexican horseman (both women/male)

Flaco Jimenez "King of the Accordion"

his father credited w/ inventing Tejano style; connection to world of pop

Yoruba

A west African culture

Lucumi

people in costumes of Yoruba descent in Cuba

Rumba

secular activities, everyday music & dance (rather than sacred)

Cuban Son

African + European influence, dominant form of pop music, polyrhythm

Clave - played by two sticks (rhythm: 3+2, 2+3)

Instrumentation: congas (long/tall drums), maracas, tres, claves, bass, brass + woodwinds, piano

Verse - main tune/body sung by lead singer or chorus over rhythm sections

Montuno - rhythm gets secular, lead singer improvises over call and response with chorus (extends song for dance)

maracas

in Latin percussion, a gourd filled with beans and shaken.

Verse-montuno form (typical Cuban expands song through montuno)

Verse - main tune/body sung by lead singer or chorus over rhythm sections

Montuno - rhythm gets secular, lead singer improvises over call and response with chorus (extends song for dance)

Verse (Verse-montuno form)

main tune/body sung by lead singer or chorus over rhythm sections

Montuno - (Verse-montuno form)

rhythm gets secular, lead singer improvises over call and response with chorus (extends song for dance)

Cuban Son Genre

African + European influence, dominant form of pop music, polyrhythm

Cuban Music in the U.S. (immigration to US in 30-40s)

Cubop (Latin jazz): combined slow music with American swing jazz

Mario Bauza (trumpet player/saxophonist played w/ many prominent big bands versed in Cuban music + jazz)

Machito (singer/morocco player) - together, they formed first Latin jazz group

Chano Pozo (conga player/percussionist played with Dizzy Gillespie), Dizzy Gillespie (important jazz trumpet player, bebop, SC)

"Manteca" - latin jazz standard tune (AABA form)

A = Latin (Pozo)

B = Swing (Gillespie

Cubop (Latin jazz)

combined slow music with American swing jazz

Mario Bauza "Father of Latin Jazz"

trumpet player/saxophonist played w/ many prominent big bands versed in Cuban music + jazz

Machito

singer/morocco player

Mario Bauza and Machito

together they formed the first Latin group and created the first jazz song to be overtly based in-Clave

Clave

played by two sticks (rhythm: 3+2, 2+3)

Cuban Son Instrumentation

congas (long/tall drums), maracas, tres, claves, bass, brass + woodwinds, piano

Chano Pozo

conga player/percussionist played with Dizzy Gillespie

Dizzy Gillespie

important Jazz Trumpeter that helped to develop bebop, from South Carolina

"Manteca"

latin jazz standard tune (AABA form)

A = Latin (Chano Pozo )

B = Swing (Dizzy Gillespie)

The Palladium Ballroom (NYC)

center of Latin American music, racially integrated, accompanied by bands led by "mambo kings" (all the best afro-Cuban players/dancers)

1959 Cuban revolution

U.S./Cuba trade embargo isolates exchange of music and they develop differently in two places

Salsa (marketing term; internationalization of Latin/Cuban music)

Fania records (invented term "salsa")

Celia Cruz - biggest Latin music star/"Queen of Latin Music"; Fania Records

Celia Cruz "Queen of Salsa"

biggest Latin music star/"Queen of Latin Music"; Fania Records

Brazil was the...

Multicultural melting pot (majority is mixed race, largest Japanese pop outside of Japan, Lebanese, Italian, German)

Carmen Miranda (iconic fruit basket hat)

Brazil's popular music symbol; highest paid female performer in US; mixes Euro + African music

Hollywood career

Good Neighbor Policy - helped Miranda's success b/c starred in Hollywood "portrayals" of Latin America

Good Neighbor Policy

helped Miranda's success because starred in Hollywood "portrayals" of Latin America

Bossa Nova (Brazilian Cuban music)

Musical characteristics (more intimate sound)

Emphasis on guitar + voice integrated together (soft + as one)

Understated - speech like vocal delivery (influenced by crooners)

Jazz - extended jazz harmony (complex)

Romance lyrics in nature (central themes/poetic/middle class)

João Gilberto - inventor of Bossa Nova

Antonio Carlos "Tom" Jobim - well-known composer of Bossa Novas/Brazilian music

E.g. "The Girl From Ipanema"

João Gilberto

inventor of Bossa Nova

Antonio Carlos "Tom" Jobim

well-known composer of Bossa nova

Bossa Nova Musical characteristics (more intimate sound)

Emphasis on guitar + voice integrated together (soft + as one)

Understated - speech like vocal delivery (influenced by crooners)

Jazz - extended jazz harmony (complex)

Romance lyrics in nature (central themes/poetic/middle class)

E.g. "The Girl From Ipanema"

Bossa Nova Music

Latin pop/Rock in Español

Pan-Latino movement (contemporary Latin pop and rock cuts across national boundaries draws on Latin Am, US, Euro music; international sources/influences)

New production centers: Miami, LA

Latin Grammys (first in 2000; yearly)

Artists: Natalia LaFourcade (Mexican pop-rock singer/songwriter won Latin Grammy for "Hasta la Raiz"; v successful in pop/rock Latin Am scene)

Pan-Latino movement

Contemporary latin pop and rock

Cuts across national boundaries

Freely drawing on music throughout Latin American as well as influences from the U.S. and Europe

"pan-latino" reflecting its international sources and influences

Natalia LaFourcade

Mexican pop-rock singer and songwriter

Won Latin Grammy for "Hasta la Raiz"

Very successful in pop/rock Latin American scene

New Orleans (most cosmopolitan)

Political and cultural history (hierarchical)

Creole culture (white) - Spanish + French mix, flourishing culture, European descent born in New World

Creoles of color (mixed race - many owned slaves); distinction from Black

"Black codes" - limited rights of Creoles of color + blacks

"One drop" rule: if you have one drop of black bloods then you are considered to be black

Pushes creoles of color back into black culture/group

Political and cultural history (hierarchical)

Creole culture (white) - Spanish + French mix, flourishing culture, European descent born in New World

"Black codes" - limited rights of Creoles of color + blacks

"One drop" rule: if you have one drop of black bloods then you are considered to be black

Pushes creoles of color back into black culture/group

Creole culture (white)

Spanish + French mix, flourishing culture, European descent born in New World

"Black codes"

limited rights of Creoles of color + blacks

Pushes creoles of color back into black culture/group

"One drop" rule

if you have one drop of black bloods then you are considered to be black

European and African contributions to jazz

European: Instruments, harmony, extended musical form, notation (writing it down)

African: expressive qualities, cyclical forms (loop), improvisation/call and response, polyrhythms and syncopation

New Orleans & Chicago style

Collective polyphonic improvisation

Instrumental roles (each instrument plays a different role/part)

Trumpet - primary

Clarinet - decorates trumpet melody

Trombone - lower/slower "tailgate trombone" decoration of trumpet

Tuba/Bass - bass notes

Banjo - steadily strum chords

Drums - marching pattern

Buddy Bolden - 1st great jazz player before recording era

Big sound/known for ability to play blues + paranoid ppl will steal music

Established early jazz ensemble (brought string + brass bands together)

Instrumental roles (each instrument plays a different role/part)

New Orleans & Chicago style

Trumpet - primary

Clarinet - decorates trumpet melody

Trombone - lower/slower "tailgate trombone" decoration of trumpet

Tuba/Bass - bass notes

Banjo - steadily strum chords

Drums - marching pattern

Buddy Bolden

New Orleans & Chicago style Artist

1st great jazz player before recording era

Big sound/known for ability to play blues

He was paranoid about people stealing his music

Established early jazz ensemble (brought string and brass bands together)

Great Migration

movement of African Americans out of South to northern city centers to escape

King Oliver & His Creole Jazz Band

"Dippermouth Blues"

BasedChicago but from New Orleans

key player in his band - second trumpet; pre-microphone; not many drums

Louis Armstrong

left King Oliver's band and made Jazz a soloist's art; innovator of modern jazz

Hot 5 & Hot 7 recordings - influential recordings in 1920s (90 recordings) that changed jazz

As Jazz Innovator

Trumpet virtuoso

Influence on jazz solo style (made it a "soloist's art")

Improvisations, main focus on single player

Pioneering singer (influence on pop singing)

Scat singing: vocal improvisations with wordless vocables/nonsense syllables (gives ability to improvise melodies/rhythms; create instrumental solo using voice)

Cultural ambassador warm stage persona/apolitical "doubleness"

State department tours (to Latina America, Asia, etc) - saw jazz as representing democracy

Louis Armstrong a Pioneering singer (influence on pop singing) how?

Scat singing: vocal improvisations with wordless vocables/nonsense syllables (gives ability to improvise melodies/rhythms; create instrumental solo using voice)

Billie Holiday

Greatest of all jazz singers

Lived personified Jazz life of drugs, prostitution, racism/child abuse; tough/uncompromising woman

Amazing rhythmic feel/instrumentalist singer with deeper meaning

toured w/ Benny Goodman

Ella Fitzgerald

virtuoso singer with wide range

Scat singer and improviser

Many songbook records; "I Can't Give You Anything But Love"

Swing (jazz)

Big bands: the pop music of 1930s & 40s (segregated on stage)

Sections of saxophones, trumpets, trombones, rhythm (banjo replaced by guitar)

"four on the floor" rhythm - feather bass drum lightly

Big bands

the pop music of 1930s & 40s (segregated on stage)

Sections of saxophones, trumpets, trombones, rhythm (banjo replaced by guitar)

"four on the floor" rhythm - feather bass drum lightly

Duke Ellington

middle class/aristocratic; pianist, composer, band leader; jungle sound

Cotton Club: club in Harlem ran by gangsters (black workers/clients strictly white); Ellington wrote music for/played at often w/ band (performances on TV)

Approach to ensemble sound - banjo replaced by guitar; tuba disappears; brass and woodwinds used in contrast w/ each other

He valued individual sound

Integrating Jazz

Benny Goodman - "King of Swing"; played "sweet" music for dancing

John Hammond - record scout/producer, imp in music industry

Teddy Wilson (black pianist - broker color line in jazz) & Lionel Hampton (vibraphone) - trio w/ Goodman

Benny Goodman

"King of Swing" and played "sweet" music for dancing

John Hammond

record scout and producer, important in music industry

Teddy Wilson

black pianist - broke color line in jazz with Lionel Hampton on the vibraphone and Benny Goodman formed a trio

Bebop

Faster tempos more complex tunes

Virtuosic players with blues and standard tunes

Musical characteristics: small groups (4-6 ppl)

Fast tunes that were rhythmically complex and hard to dance to

Emphasis on improvisation (over arrangement)

Minton's Playhouse (Harlem): musicians played after hours and experiment with new forms (laboratory for playing music)

Charlie Parker - alto sax had a different sound and new way of soloing

Dizzy Gillespie - trumpet (face of bebop)

Affects of WWI on Bebop Music

Rationing made hard for bands to tour/record there was a drafting of musicians

Recording ban - live music was not affected records only for troops, royalties collected (licensing organizations dispute w/ broadcasters caused ban)

not many new music coming out during this time frame

Recording ban (Bebop period)

live music was not affected records only for troops, royalties collected (licensing organizations dispute w/ broadcasters caused ban)

not many new music coming out during this time frame

Minton's Playhouse (Harlem)

musicians played after hours and experiment with new forms called the "laboratory for playing music"

Charlie Parker

alto sax had a different sound and new way of

Dizzy Gillespie

Trumpet (face of bebop)

Miles Davis

most important post-WWII jazz artist who had a personal sound & style

Softer, intimate, restrained, sense of space with underlying fire

Modal jazz - simpler structure, more focus on performers, strip out chords and improvisation based on one or two chords

John Coltrane - creates own sound on tenor saxophonist (call + response in "So What"); played w/ Miles Davis; extended solos

Modal jazz

simpler structure, more focus on performers, strip out chords and improvisation based on one or two chords

John Coltrane

creates own sound on tenor saxophonist use call and response in "So What" and played with Miles Davis swell as extended solos

Avant Guard (aka Free jazz)

Reaction to society/question musical convention in Jazz

Questions: preset harmony, steady beat, repeating song forms (wanted open-end)

Emphasis on texture and timbre had different roles for the same instruments, collective improvisation

Ornette Coleman - very important saxophone player who was one of the pioneers of free jazz/Avant guard jazz

Jazz-Rock Fusion

R&B, rock and blues mixed emphasis on back beat

Electric instruments: guitar, bass, keyboards, etc + bigger drums

Desired to reconnect w/ audience (bring ppl back into jazz)

Bitches Brew group with Miles Davis on the forefront to this music: album (group of 15 musicians in rock context

Weather Report was an important fusion group Zoe Zawinul (keyboard), Wayne Shorter (saxophone), Jaco Pastorius (Bass), Pete Erskine (Drums) - video "Black Market"

Neo-classicism

updated earlier forms and reverence for tradition

Reaction to...fusion seen as wrong term and Avant guard experiment gone amuck

Wynton Marsalis: trumpet player from New Orleans; leader of Neoclassicism revival and supporter of jazz education was the FIRST person to win awards for both. Classical and jazz music

Repertory movement: bands dedicated to exploring composers of the past

Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra: main hall for classical music, prestigious, led by Wynton Marsalis; huge impact on jazz

Wynton Marsalis (Neo-classicism)

trumpet player from New Orleans; leader of Neoclassicism revival and supporter of jazz education was the FIRST person to win awards for both. Classical and jazz music

Repertory movement (Neo-classicism)

bands dedicated to exploring composers of the past

Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra (Neo-classicism)

main hall for classical music, prestigious, led by Wynton Marsalis; huge impact on jazz

James Brown

all instruments used and his vocals were percussive

Famous Flames: James Brown's band

Had an energetic stage presence and a very hardworking standard of R&B

He was disciplined

Funk was the musical aesthetics

▪ Percussive singing (interjecting grunts, yells, etc)

▪ Interlocking parts (over crisp drum beat to create thick texture)

▪ Polyrhythms

▪ Call and response (b/w James Brown and horn section)

Gospel/soul crossover

Ray Charles "I've Got a Woman" - secularized gospel sound because the lyrics were of church but with love incorporated he gave a basis for black sound

Sam Cooke - switched from gospel to pop, favored by young people this influenced Motown Records' Berry Gordon

Funk was the musical aesthetics

Percussive singing (interjecting grunts, yells, etc)

Interlocking parts (over crisp drum beat to create thick texture)

Polyrhythms

Call and response (b/w James Brown and horn section)

Ray Charles "I've Got a Woman"

secularized gospel sound because the lyrics were of church but with love incorporated he gave a basis for black sound