aice marine LOCK IN

what is the open ocean called?

The pelagic zone

the ocean cover ___% of the Earth

75

What is the average depth of the ocean?

3,688 M (2.3 miles)on average

Oceans hold __% of Earths liveable space

99

What is the benefits of the world ocean?

The benefits of the world ocean include climate regulation, oxygen production, and providing habitat for diverse marine life. Additionally, oceans support economies through fisheries, tourism, and shipping routes.

What are the five oceans?

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic

What are polar oceans?

They are cold Year round

What are the two polar oceans?

Arctic, southern

What are temperate oceans?

In between polar and tropic

What are considered temperaat oceans?

Parts of atlantic and pacific

What are tropical oceans?

Warm Year round

What oceans are considered tropical?

central pacifcic and Atlantic, indian

What are the five zones of the open ocean

Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, and benthic

What is the epipelagic also called?

sunlight zone

why is the epipelagic zone called the sunlight zone

It is the only zone of the ocean that has enough light for photosynthesis

How deep is each zone of the ocean?

epi- 0-200

meso- 200-1000

bathy-1000-4000

abysso- 4000- just above seafloor

benthic- seafloor

What organisms live in the epipelagic zone

whales, jellyfish, sharks etc

What is the mesopelagic zone also called

twilight zone

Why is the mesopelagic zone called the twilight zone?

Enough light to see, but not enough to photosynthesize

What is the mesopelagic zone also called?

It is the oxygen minimum zone, this is because there are no organisms to photosynthesize and replenish the oxygen. Many organisms have adaptations for low oxygen

What is another adaptation of marine organisms in the mesopelagic zone?

some have bioluminescence- used for hunting, defense, and communication

What are some examples of creatures in the mesopelagic zone?

squid, lantern fish, zooplankton

What is another name for the bathypelagic zone?

The midnight zone

Why is he bathypelagic zone called the midnight zone?

This is because it exists in perpetual darkness

What are the two main adaptations of these marine organisms in the bathypelagic zone?

-survive on detritus and marine snow

-transparent or translucent

What are some organisms in the bathypelagic zone?

jellyfish, squid, ctenophores

What zone is known for freezing temperatures and intense pressure?

abyssopelagic

What do some organisms have in the abyssopleagic zone?

blind, colorless

What is an example of an organism in the abyssopelagic zone?

dumbo octopus

What is the seafloor and just above it called?

Benthic zone

What are organisms called here?

Benthos

What are some organisms that live in the benthic zone?

crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes

What are some ecosystem services the open ocean provides?

-food production

-maintaining biodiversity

-recreation

Why is the world ocean considered a carbon sink? 5 points

1. carbon moves through carbon cycle

2. CO2 from the atmosphere diffuses into epipelagic zone

3. The ocean absorbs 30-40% of human made CO2

4. Oceans produce 50-85% of earth’s oxygen

5. since more carbon is deposited than produced, it’s called a sink

What happens when too much CO2 dissolves into the water?

Can lower the pH, causing ocean acidification

What happens when carbon mixes with water?

it creates carbonic acid

What is the chemical formula for carbonic acid?

H2CO3

Why is the world ocean considered a temperature buffer and responsible for global climate control?

-water has a high specific heat so it can absorb a lot of heat without getting warmer

-oceans store heat when its warm and release heat when its cold

What is the kinetic particle theory

all matter is a collection of particles in constant motion however small

Movement in a liquid is determined by…

how much energy it has

What are the three states of matter

solid,liquid, gas

The higher temp= more ____=more _________ movement in water

energy, particle

What structure does water form when it cools?

lattice structure

True or false: ice is less dense than water

True

What happens when energy is added to ice

Particles start to move more quickly and break the bonds between the water molecules which allows them to move past each other

True or false: liquids can be compressed

False: they can NOT be compressed

What are the new characteristics of compounds called when they bond?

Emergent properties

What are the three bond types

-covalent

-ionic

-hydrogen

What is the strongest of the three?

Covalent

How does water bond?

1. water is polar, meaning it has a slightly negative pole and a slightly positive pole

2. There is a slightly negative charge on O and a slightly positive charge on H

3. The attraction of these O and H forms a hydrogen bond

Why is the hydrogen bond essential for the water?

This allows for the water to have a high boiling point and surface tension

What type of bond forms when atoms share electrons?

Covalent: they do so to complete their shells with a full octet to become stable

What type of bond involves the atoms gaining/losing an electron?

Ionic bond

What type of essential compounds are made from ionic bonds

salts

What are the three salt compounds commonly found in marine science?

-sodium chloride (NaCl)

-calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

-Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)

What are some physical properties of ionic Compounds (5)

-high melting and boiling point

-soluble in water

-conducts heat

-conducts electricity

-this is due to the presence of moving electrons

Dipole

- molecules with separation of partially positive and partially negative

How much a solute dissolves in a solvent

solubility

what dissolves in a solvent?

solute

What dissolves in a solvent

solute

what dissolves the solute

solvent

explain the chemical bonding of Nacl

It has a slightly positive Na and slightly negative cl. ionically bonded

What is the process of solute dispersing in a solvent

dissolution

When ocean temp increases, what happens to solubility of salt

It increases

When water gets warmer, does salt dissolve more or less?

MORE!

Does warm water or cold water have more energy?

WARM!

When there is faster movement in the water this allows for salt…

To break apart and mix in

What is higher in salinity: warm water or cold water?

warm water

What is the concentration of dissolved salt

salinity

Salinity is measured in….

PPT (parts per thousand)

What is the average ppt of the ocean?

35ppt

What changes salinity?

rain-adds freshwater

run off from rivers which adds fresh water

run off from land adds fertilizers and oils

What does evaporation do to the salinity of water?

it increases the salinity by turning the water into vapor and leaving the salt behind, increasing the salt concentration

What do they call a place that is extremely salty

hypersaline

The most hyper saline body of water…

Don Juan Pond

What does pH stand for?

potential of Hydrogen

What is the4 pH of pure water

7; neutral

If the compound has more H+…

more acidic

If the compound has fewer H+…

more basic

Most animals require a pH of….

8

3 ways you can measure pH:

1. litmus paper

2. universal indicator

3. ph probes

The average of pH is…

8.2 dropped to 8.1 because of CO2

Why do PH levels lower in the ocean?

Ocean acidficication

True or false: Co2 is not soluble in water

False; it is very soluble

Co@ chemically reacts with water to create…

Carbonic acid

Oxygen is _____ soluble

less

Why is oxygen less soluble with water?

because it does not chemically combined with water, it just dissolves physically

True or false: the ocean can hold more CO2 than O2

True

Increasing temp in water does what to gas solubility?

decreases gas solubility (colder water holds more dissolved gas)

gas solubility increases when pressure….

increases

Why does gas solubility increases when pressure increases?

This is because the atmospheric pressure pushes the gas into the ocean

Marine organisms need dissolved gas for…?

oxygen to breathe through respiration

What is the formula for density

mass x volume

The earth’s structure is made up of what 3 layers?

Crust, the mantle, and the core

What is the outermost layer of the Earth?

The Crust

What are the two types of crust?

Oceanic crust and the continental crust

Describe the oceanic crust

dense, basaltic rock

describe the continental crust

less danse, lighter granite

the crust and the upper mantle form what?

The lithosphere

What are the characteristics of the mantle (5)

1. hot semi-solid rock

2. the thickest layer

3. upper mantle

4. and the lower mantle

5. drives plate tectonics