art - resit

applied research techniques. year 2 (year 1), semester 2, term 1. thankyou nina

Academic literature

Published in scholarly journals (edited by experts) or by academic publishers, peer reviewed, authors are not permitted to have any direct commercial or political interests

Research article

To publish results obtained through scholarly research

Review article

To summarise and review previous research on a topic

Meta-analysis

Systematic and usually based on a statistical analysis of results of other studies

Article in a peer-reviewed journal

Up-to-date knowledge, current academic debates, advancing state of the art, may be theoretical as well, can be better than books

Article in an impacted journal

Ranked based on the number of citations of their articles, publishing new theories, publish top current debates in a discipline

Edited book

Each chapter has a different author, the book is "put together" by editors

Book review

Assessment of the quality of a book, summarises the content and main thoughts, advertises the book in academic journals, very useful if you don't want to read the whole book

Primary sources

Original sources

Secondary sources

Describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyse, evaluate, summarise, and process primary sources

Direct quote

A passage of text directly taken from another source without alteration, always has to be introduced in quotation marks - no alterations to the original texts are allowed

Paraphrase

A passage of text taken from another text, retold in your own words - its sense and authorship remain preserved

Bibliography

A list of everything you read in preparation for writing an assignment, contains sources that you have sited and those that were influential but not cited

Citation

Occurs when you use a specific source in your work and then follow up with the proper bibliographic information

In-text citation

(Author, year, pp. x - x)

Issue

A concrete number of the journal that is published independently

Volume

Indicates the total number of years a particular journal has been published

Citing a chapter from an edited book

Must be cited with its own authors and not the editors

Grey literature

Publications that are produced by researchers or research organisations, but that are not peer-reviewed

Conference

Where scientists meet and exchange ideas

Conference paper

A work-in-progress version of a future publication

Draft academic articles

Scientists sometimes public draft articles to get feedback or make their research known, treat them as non peer-reviewed

Policy paper

A research piece focusing on a specific policy issue that provides clear recommendations for policy makers

Advisory report

To announce substantiated (policy) recommendations or a solution to a problem on the basis of one's own or someone else's research

Discussion paper

Research document created as a basis for discussion

Working paper

Report written by an official committee or group appointed to investigate some aspect of law, education, health, often containing recommendations for action based on its findings

White paper

An authoritative report or guide that often addressees issued and how to solve them

Briefing paper

A document that informs decision-makers about current issues

Semi-academic journals and magazines

Not peer-reviewed, written by knowledgable people, deal with current issues, good source of data

CRAAP test for evaluating the quality of sources

Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose

What are positives about newspapers

Current issues, primary source

What are negatives about newspapers

Not based on research, selective in what they write about, may favourise a certain position

Primary non-academic sources

Laws, speeches, books, communication on social media, diaries, autobiographies

Blogs

Personal opinions of internet users

Secondary non-academic sources

Websites, textbooks, works of analysis, articles from magazines, biographical works

CRAAP - Currency

The timeliness of the information

CRAAP - Relevance

The importance of the information for your needs

CRAAP - Authority

The source of the information

CRAAP - Accuracy

The reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content

CRAAP - Purpose

The reason the information exists

Academic publishers

Companies that specialise in publishing scientific books and journals

Examples of academic publishers

Routledge, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, Springer, Palgrave MacMillan, Elsevier, McGraw-Hill, Wiley-Blackwell, Emerald Group Publishing, ABC-CLIO

Academic journals

Serve researchers as a platform to publish their most up-to-date research, usually peer-reviewed or refereed

Monographs

Specialist publications dealing with a specific topic, generally in the form of a book

Reference books

A book intended primarily for consultation rather than for consecutive reading

Handbooks

Concise reference book covering a particular subject

Literature review

An overview that summarises and analyses academic literature on a given topic published in a given time period

Theoratical article

Contains or refers to new or established abstract principles related to a specific field of knowledge

Empirical articles

Report the results of new research, contain more detail

Alternatives to Wikipedia

Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, Encyclopedia.com, CIA World Factbook, Online reference books in academic databases such as Sage Reference, Paper Encyclopaedias, CFR "explainers"

Newspapers

Provide information on current topics

Reliable newspapers

Guardian, New York Times, Financial Times, Economist, Independent, Wall Street journal, Washington Post, Times, Telegraph, Le Monde, El Pais

Magazines

Written for general public, sometimes report about research or facts

Reliable magazines

Newsweek, Time, Economist, Foreign Policy, New Yorker, Atlantic, Security Magazine

Examples of primary sources

Autobiographies and memoirs, diaries, interviews, surveys, scientific journal articles reporting experimental research results or new data, websites, internet communications on email/blogs, photographs, public opinion polls, personal stories

Examples of secondary sources

Bibliographies, biographical works, reference books, articles from magazines/journals/newspapers after the event, literature reviews and review articles, textbooks, commentaries and treatisies

Triangulation

The use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method

Data triangulation

The use of a variety of data sources, including time, space and persons, in a study

Investigator triangulation

The use of more than one investigator, interviewer, observer, researcher or data analyst in a study

Theory triangulation

The use of multiple theories or hypotheses when examining a situation or phenomenon

Systematic review

A form of research that provides a summary on a specific question, using explicit methods to search, critically appraise, and synthesise the literature systematically

Medium quality sources

Reputable news sources that minimise bias, web articles from reputable authors or organisations

Low-quality sources

Sources that are characterised by unreliability, bias, or lack of credibility, tabloids, wikipedia

Libraries in the Hague available

Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands), Leiden University Library, Peace Palace Library the Hague, Bibliotheek Den Haag (The Hague Public Library)

Databases THUAS owns

Academic Search Ultimate, ACM digital library, Criminology collection, Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), EBSCO

How to find books

Google Books, Amazon, Worldcat

Link resolver

Links full-text database where you can find the PDF

Where to access free full-text sources of academic literature

Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals, freefullpdf.com, SSRN, BASE, academiue.edu

Definition of common knowledge

Information that is presumed to be shared by members of a specific 'community'. In the public domain & within a subject area or discipline

Plagiarism according to SSMS

A form of fraud, by using someone else's work or by using AI, the person assessing the work becomes unable to assess the student's knowledge or ability correctly and fairly

10 types of plagiarism (Turnitin)

1. Clone

2. CLTR-C

3. Find-replace

4. Remix

5. Recycle

6. Hybrid

7. Mashup

8. 404 error

9. Aggregator

10. Re-tweet

Clone

Submitting another's work, word-for-word, as one's own

Crtl-c

Written piece that contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations (uncited)

Find-replace

Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source in a paper

Remix

Paraphrasing from other sources and making the content fit together seamlessly -> paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together

Recycle

Borrowing generously from your own previous work without citations

Hybrid

Combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages -without citation- in one paper

Mashup

Paper that represents a mix of copied material from several different sources without proper citation

404 error

Written piece that includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources

Aggregator

Includes proper citation, but the paper contains almost no original work

Retweet

Paper includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text's original wording and/or structure

Specific cases when referencing is not needed

When presenting historical overviews, when presenting your own experiences, in conclusions when you are repeating ideas previously referenced, when summarising what is regarded as common knowledge

Referencing book

Author (year). Title of the book. Publisher. URL

Referencing edited book (as a whole)

Editor (Ed/Eds). (year). Title of the book. Publisher. URL

Referencing chapter in edited book

Author (year). Title Chapter. Editor (Ed/Eds). Title of the book. Page numbers. Publisher. URL

Referencing journal article

Author (year). Title journal. Title of the journal. Publisher. URL

Referencing entry in online encyclopaedia

Author (year). Title. In encyclopedia. URL

Referencing government report/non governmental report

Organization (year). Title of the report. Publishing Agency. URL

Referencing working paper

Author (year). Title working report. [Working Paper]. Publisher. URL

Referencing magazine article

Author (year). Title article. Magazine name. Pages. URL.

Referencing newspaper article

Author (year). Title article. Newspaper title. Pages. URL

Referencing webpage on a website

Organization (year). Title webpage. Site Name. URL

Referencing webpage on a news website

Author (year). Title webpage. Site Name. URL

Referencing webpage on a government website

Organization (year). Title webpage. Publisher. URL

When do you italicise?

Big works like books, journals, newspapers, magazines

No italics

Small works like articles, chapters, webpages

When do you capitalise?

Journal/magazine/newspaper names use Title Case

When do you use the full date (Year, Month Day)

When content can change over time or is time-sensitive

When do you use only the year (Year)

For stable, published works that don't change

When do you use a retrieval date

When the content is designed to change over time and does not have a specific publication date