ANS 400 Exam 3

Who was the animal nutritionist?

Dr. Liz Koutsos

Where did Dr. Koutsos study?

University of Maryland, UC Davis

Comparative Animal Nutrition

How to feed non-domesticated species

What to consider when feeding non-domesticated species?

target of nutrition program

feeding items available

appropriateness of food items (physical form and ingredients)

Formulating complete diets and diet components

Importance of regulatory and quality standards

What to consider for the target of nutrition programs?

Pathologies, life stage, preferences, body condition

Meal form of food

Particle size important depending on application

May have heat treatment

Flaked feed

Compressed ingredients

Baked

Generally sink (after breaking surface tension)

Pelleted feed

Compressed ingredients

Very dense

Will sink

Can be water stable

Extruded feed

Expanded ingredients

Variable density

Can sink or float

Can be water stable

What % moisture are semi-moist diets

15-50%

What do semi-moist diets require?

some sort of stabilization (temperature, chemicals (polyhydric alcohols like propylene glycol, sugars, salts))

Tablet feed

Compressed ingredients

Will sink

No heat processing

Ingredients must be _____ for use in manufactured diets

approved (krill example)

What are the ways to formulate manufactured diets?

Least cost, fixed formulation, constant nutrition

Least cost

set tag guarantees

allow all available ingredients at any level

cost determining factor

used in production agriculture

Fixed formulation

Ingredients are locked (ex. fish meal always 30%)

Nutrients vary from batch to batch

does not account for ingredient variability

Constant nutrition

all major ingredients analyzed for key nutrients

allow a “window” for all natural ingredients (ex. fish meal at 30-34%)

Formulate for key nutrients

Labeling requirements

brand name

product name

purpose statement

guaranteed analysis

list of ingredients (in order of predominance by weight)

directions for use

warning or caution statements

name and address of manufacturer

quantity statement

Why black soldier fly larvae as food source?

Not considered pests

native worldwide

don’t bite, sting, or carry zoonotic diseases

rapid lifecycle

vertical farming

can consume a wide range of feedstocks

Who was the Shelter Animal Welfare expert?

Dr. Sandra Strong

Dr. Strong background

NSCU BS Zoology

NCSU CVM mixed and small

Private practice

Microbio

US Army

Shelter medicine and surgery

Animal welfare

Consideration of animal’s health, behavior, and biological function, mental state

3 circle model of animal welfare

3 overlapping circle venn diagram

1. Basic Health and Functioning

2. Natural Living

3. Affective States

What does the Association of Shelter Veterinarians do?

Management and record keeping

population management

animal handling

facilities

sanitation

medical health

shelter surgery

forensics

behavioral health and mental well-being

euthanasia

animal transport and relocation

disaster response

public health

Cora the URI kitten

Actually had nasal polyp

North Carolina’s Animal Welfare Act

Minimum requirements for shelters in NC

Annual shelter inspection & shelter license

DEA license & DHHS control drug license

Certified Rabies Vaccinators

Certified Euthanasia Technicians

How many minutes does it take per animal in shelter?

15

Amphibian class

Amphibia

What were the first vertebrates on land?

Amphibians

What are the oldest tetrapods?

amphibians

What did amphibians evolve from?

lungfish

Amphibian eggs

lack shell, jelly membrane, external fertilization

How many species of amphibians?

~4000

Caudata

“tailed ones” ex: salamanders

Anura

“tail-less ones” ex: frogs and toads

Apoda

“legless ones” ex caecilians

Reptile class

Reptilia

Where did reptiles evolve from?

Amphibians

How are reptiles adapted to terrestrial living?

scales prevent from drying out

ectotherms, regulate internal temp by basking

Reptile eggs

internal fertilization

How many species of Chelonia?

~341

Chelonia examples

turtle, tortoises, terrapins

How many squamata?

~10,000

Squamata types

Lizards, snakes, worm lizard class

How many lizard species?

~6000

How many species of snakes?

~3500

How many species of worm lizard class?

~188

How many species of crocidilia?

~25

Crocidilia examples

Alligators, crocodiles, caiman

Herp =

reptiles and amphibians

Ectotherms =

cold blooded

What organ do reptiles use for scent?

Jacobsen’s organ

What is known about reptile behavior?

Not much

bigger will eat own kind

solitary housing

must acclimate to humans- some do like us

What % of US homes house amphibians and reptiles

~ 3%, 9 million animals

Pros of herps as pets

Allergies, low noise and odor, decreased feeding expense, unique

Cons of herps as pets

Vet care, salmonella, food items, lifespan, supplies (for cage), sexing hard

What to look for when selecting an animal?

Alert, bright colored, mobile

Clear eyes and nostrils

Eating

Handle prior to purchase

AMphibian skin

water permeable

keep moist and avoid rough handling

require vivarium

access to both land and water

water quality

Water quality concerns for amphibians

Avoid chlorine, high ammonia, etc, may need filtration

Amphibians are carnivorous when?

As adults

Amphibian breeding concerns

temp, season, water condition

Are salamanders terrestrial or aquatic?

Most terrestrial but need moist environment

Are chelonians marine, freshwater, or land dwelling?

Can be all

Chelonians require access to

UV light

Chelonian sexing

males smaller, longer tails, concave plastron

Chelonian health concerns

Blood draws (avoid getting lymph from neck)

hibernation (dehydration)

Cataracts and blindness

Obesity/anorexia

Tortoises diet

Herbivores, some omnivores

Turtle and terrapin diet

usually carnivores

What are poisonous to some chelonians

Rhubarb, daffodils, potatoes

Lizards make good

beginner pets

smaller size, shorter lifespan (not green iguanas)

Lizard diet

large diet variety (insectivores, carnivores, herbivores, and frugivores)

Supplementation almost always required

Squamata housing

Terrestrial, arboreal, burrowing

Squamata diet

entirely carnivorous

eat whole prey (size important)

Obesity can be issue

Snake shedding requires right

humidity

What causes metabolic bone disease?

Improper Ca:P in diet (need ~2:1 ratio)

Lack of sunlight or UVB wavelength

What vitamin needs to be provided to most herps

D3

What vitamins are converted using UV light in most herps?

D1 or D2

Over supplementation of vit D may cause

calcification of soft tissues

Who was animal hospital administrator?

Sarah Van Staalduinen

What was Sarah Staalduinen’s path?

Vet assistant → practice manager → administrative director

Soft skills needed to be practice manager?

Communication

Teamwork

Problem Solving

Decision-making

Organizational

Time management

Critical thinking

Hard skills needed for administration

Excel

Data analysis

Graphic design

Sales management

Finance

What is practice manager salary?

52000-125000

Do you need lots of schooling for management?

No, experience > schooling

Pros of management

higher paying

no additional schooling

travel opportunities

new challenges every day

transferable skills

Cons of management

time consuming

work boundaries are important

not as hands on

Self Domestication Hypothesis

selection on temperament, expanded social cognitive abilities via changes in development

What is the proposed driver of social evolution?

temperament

What is exception of temperament

poorly defined in dogs, not well measured across lifespan

SDH

Survival of the friendliest

When does temperament appear in dogs?

early life

Temperament shows ____ over time

stability

Temperament shows

individual differences/variation within a species

Domestication syndrome

commonly seen features across many domesticated species, behavioral and phenotypic

Domestication syndrome traits

Neoteny

Shorter repro cycles

Depigmentation

reduced levels of stress hormone

increased duration of the immaturity of the HPA axis

smaller teeth

reduced brain capacity

Recent evidence for self domestication

Raccoons

When were silver foxes experimented on to domesticate?

1959

Who experimented on silver foxes

Dmitry Belyaev

What was Belyaev’s idea?

key factor in domestication is behavior (not reproduction or size)

What did Belyaev select for?

tameness