Definition, Laws and Equation for CSEC Physics

Heat

Boyel's Law

states that as pressure increases volume decreases and vis versa

Charles' Law

the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases

Pressure law

The pressure of a prefect gas with a fixed mass and constant volume is directly proportional to its ideal temperature.

Heat capacity

the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.

Specific Heat Capacity

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celcius

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion

The specific latent heat for change between a solid and a liquid.

Specific Latent heat of Evaporation

It is when a material changes phase from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas a certain amount of energy is involved in this change of phase.

Light

Snell's Law

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant, for a given frequency.

Refractive Index

a relationship between the path taken by a ray of light in crossing the boundary or surface of separation between two contacting substances and the refractive index of each.

Critical Angle

the angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90 degrees

Focal Length of A Lens

a specific zoom position

Principal Focus

the point where light rays parallel and close to the principal axis converge or appear to diverge

Lens Formula

lens formula is an equation that relates the focal length, image distance, and object distance for a spherical mirror.

Waves

Wave Length

the distance between parts of a wave

Frequency

The number of waves passing a fixed point per second.

Amplitude

Height of a wave

Pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Loudness

A physical response to the intensity of sound, modified by physical factors

Quality

The quality actually depends on the shape of wave form and the number of overtones

Transverse Wave

A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels

Longitudinal Wave

A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels

Wave Speed

Wave speed is the distance the wave travels in a given amount of time, such as the number of meters it travels per second.

Electricity

Law of electrostatics

Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other and are described by Coulomb's law

Resistors in series

Resistors are said to be in series whenever the current flows through the resistors sequentially.

Resistors in parallel

Resistors in Parallel A circuit is said to be connected in parallel when the voltage is the same across the resistors.

Ohm's Law

Provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain constant, the current, I, through a conductor is proportional to the pd, V , it ends

Right hand grip rule

The right-hand grip rule is also known as corkscrew-rule and it was named after the French physicist and mathematician Andre-Marie Ampere.

Law of Magnetism

law of magnetism is that like poles repel one another and unlike poles attract each other; this can easily be seen by attempting to place like poles of two magnets together.

Fleming's Left hand rule

Fleming's left-hand rule states that: When a current-carrying conductor is placed in an external magnetic field, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to both the field and to the direction of the current flow.

Fleming's right hand rule

Fleming's right-hand rule gives which direction the current flows. The right hand is held with the thumb, index finger and middle finger mutually perpendicular to each other (at right angles), as shown in the diagram.

Lenz's Law

Lenz's law states that

The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that original flux is maintained through the loop when current flows in it.

Faraday's 2nd Law

Faraday's Second Law of Electrolysis states that "the mass of a substance deposited at any electrode on passing a certain amount of charge is directly proportional to its chemical equivalent weight."

Mechanics

Hooke's Law

When a material behaves elastically and exhibits a linear relationship between stress and strain, it is called linearly elastic material. In this case, stress is directly proportional to strain.

Newton's First law

Newton's First Law states that An object at rest tends to remain at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity, unless the object is acted upon by a net external force.

Newton's Second law

Newton's Second Law states: The resultant force is equal to the rate of change in momentum. The change in momentum is in the same direction as the resultant force

Newton's Third law

Newton's law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law explains how rockets fly in space and it also accounts for the majority of the lift action generated by an airplane's wings.

Density

The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume

Density= Mass divided by Volume

Relative Density

Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.

Pressure

Pressure is the force acting normally per unit area

Pressure= Force divided by Acceleration

Scalar Quantity

A quantity that has only magnitude

Vector Quantity

a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

Moment

The moment of a force about a point is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action form the point

Law of Moments

The Law of Moments states that for equilibrium (balance) the clockwise moments are equal to the anti-clockwise moments.

Work

In physics, it is called mechanical work that develops a force on an object and may affect its position or its amount of movement.

Work= Force x Displacement

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Principle of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed form one type to another

Momentum

The linear momentum of a body is the product of its mass and its velocity

Momentum= Mass x Velocity

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

The principle of conservation of momentum states that in absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system of bodies is constant

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy a body has due to its motion

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy that depends on the height of an object

Power

is the rate of doing work or of using energy

Power= Work divided by Time

Watt

is the power used in doing 1 J of work per 1 s

Efficiency

The efficiency of a system is the ratio of the useful energy output to the energy input

Average speed

total distance divided by total time

Average velocity

the total displacement divided by time

Centre of Gravity

The point where the entire weight of an object appears to act.

Acceleration

rate of change of velocity

Constant acceleration equations of motion(4 eqns)

Physic of the Atom

Alpha particles

Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.

Beta particles

a negatively charged particle (an electron) emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay.

Gamma rays

Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Half-Life

is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value.