Biology Practice Exam Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering cellular biology, genetics, and evolutionary mechanisms based on lecture transcript notes.

What is a characteristic of DNA that distinguishes it from RNA?

It is intertwined with histone proteins.

Which characteristic is shared by both meiosis and mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate.

In which stage of the cell cycle is the cytoskeleton pinching the cell in the middle to form two new cells after chromosomes have divided?

Cytokinesis

What causes a hydrangea cutting from a blue-flowered plant to produce red flowers when planted in acidic soil?

An interaction between the genes and the soil

Which of these substances is a component of ATP?

Nitrogenous base

Which type of RNA carries the information determining which amino acids are used to synthesize a protein?

Messenger RNA

What is the function of histones during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Organizing and helping to unwind the DNA so the replication enzymes can access it

A biological polymer consists of $358$ amino acids linked together covalently. What is this polymer?

A protein

What are the four possible gamete genotypes produced by a parent fish with the genotype $Rr\,Ll$?

$RL$, $Rl$, $rL$, and $rl$

Which pattern of inheritance occurs when a phenotype results from the interaction of multiple genes?

Polygenic inheritance

How would populations of Western spadefoot toads likely evolve if global climate change increases pond temperatures?

They would likely evolve to have a higher percentage of toads become carnivorous.

Which stage of cellular respiration releases the most energy and produces the highest number of ATP molecules?

Electron transport chain

What is a distinguishing characteristic of a eukaryotic cell compared to other domains?

It contains a mitochondrion.

In which organelle of a eukaryotic cell does the production of proteins and lipids take place?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which specific type of cell division leads to the production of sex cells?

Meiosis

During the second step of the Calvin cycle, what happens to energy as ATP is converted into ADP?

Energy is being released from ATP to power the conversion of a sugar molecule.

In which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles?

Anaphase

Which metabolic process is carried out by fast-twitch muscle fibers during short-term, vigorous exercise?

Fermentation

Which molecule serves as an input for the Calvin-Benson cycle?

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)

A cell has separated homologous chromosomes into two haploid daughter cells containing replicated DNA, but has not yet started the second round of division. What stage is it in?

Telophase I

If a mutation in the gene sequence $\text{CGCATACGGTAC}$ results in the same amino acid sequence (arg-ile-arg-tyr), what is true of the phenotype?

The mutated gene results in the same amino acid sequence and will result in the same phenotype.

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by homologous pairs having separated into two cells, but the sister chromatids have not yet lined up in the middle?

Prophase II

What evolutionary mechanism is involved when two yellow rose bushes (dominant phenotype) produce an orange-flowered offspring?

Mutation

Which molecule is an output of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP

How is DNA structured during the metaphase stage of mitosis?

The centromere at the center keeps DNA lined up at the cell's equator.

What occurs during the transition from metaphase to anaphase in mitosis?

Sister chromatids are aligned along the center of the cell and then pulled apart into separate chromatids.

The fact that male peacocks have colorful tail feathers to attract mates while females do not is an example of what?

Sexual selection

What is the correct sequential order of the steps of DNA replication?

1. DNA molecule unwinds; 2. DNA molecule separates into two template strands; 3. Complementary nucleotides are added; 4. Two DNA molecules are formed.

Which two types of molecules are the primary components of most eukaryotic cell membranes?

Lipids and proteins

If a fly is heterozygous ($Ll$) for wing length, what percentage of its gametes will carry the recessive short-winged allele ($l$)?

$$50\%$$